# Opens Up Important New Source of Liquidity for Talos Clients

Talos, the premier provider of technology for institutions to trade digital assets, and Uniswap Labs, the most trusted name in decentralized finance (DeFi), announced a first-of-its-kind partnership to bring decentralized liquidity and onchain settlement to professional traders and institutions.

Uniswap Labs' Trading APIs will provide Talos's clients with enterprise-grade access to the [deepest liquidity venue](https://blog.uniswap.org/uniswap-v3-dominance) in DeFi with thousands of assets in the Talos order book format they are familiar with. In the near future, clients will also be able to use the new [UniswapX](https://blog.uniswap.org/uniswapx-protocol) ecosystem, which sources liquidity from additional sources to bring even better prices, MEV protection, and gasless swaps to users. Institutional client access to Uniswap is supported by Fireblocks, an enterprise platform to manage digital asset operations and build innovative businesses on the blockchain.

"We are thrilled to be working with Uniswap Labs and Fireblocks to expand liquidity access for our institutional clients," said __Anton Katz, CEO and Co-Founder of Talos__. "At the cornerstone of the DeFi ecosystem, Uniswap has the breadth of assets and depth of liquidity that institutional traders need. And to have this partnership powered by Fireblocks, a digital assets infrastructure provider trusted by some of the most renowned institutions, is very fitting. Together, we share a vision of making digital assets more accessible in a financial marketplace that's more open."

At launch, clients will have the distinctive ability to execute orders on Uniswap using Talos's advanced time-based execution algorithmic strategies, including the TWAP (Time-Weighted Average Price) algorithm. This integration paves the way for Talos's strategies to be able to interact across both centralized and decentralized liquidity venues seamlessly, expanding opportunities for clients to achieve best execution.

"We welcome Talos clients to the Uniswap ecosystem: deep liquidity, expansive assets, and safe on-chain settlement 24/7," said __Mary-Catherine Lader, COO of Uniswap Labs__. "Uniswap Labs' smart contract expertise has transformed blockchain-based markets. This integration brings institutions the deep liquidity they need and sophisticated smart-contract market structure that they've never had access to before. It's a big step forward for adoption of onchain markets."

"In the last 12 months, Fireblocks customers have deployed $6 billion into Uniswap. Being that we've long supported Talos's integrations and have previously supported Uniswap Labs via retail connectors, we are thrilled that Uniswap Labs is now a part of this ecosystem to simplify workflows for Fireblocks customers," added __Michael Shaulov, CEO and Co-Founder of Fireblocks__. "We're committed to remaining at the forefront of providing enterprise-grade technology and are proud to work with Talos and Uniswap to deliver an important point of entry to a significant source of liquidity."

#### About Talos

Talos provides institutional-grade technology that supports the full digital asset trading lifecycle, including liquidity sourcing, price discovery, trading, settlement, lending, borrowing and portfolio management. Engineered by a team with unmatched experience building institutional trading systems, the Talos platform connects institutions to key participants in today's digital asset ecosystem -- exchanges, OTC desks, prime brokers, lenders, custodians and more -- through a single point of entry. By streamlining the entire trading process, Talos helps mitigate intermediary risk and facilitate best execution. For additional information, visit [www.talos.com](http://www.talos.com).

Talos Disclaimer: Talos offers software-as-a-service products that provide connectivity tools for institutional clients. Talos does not provide clients with any pre-negotiated arrangements with liquidity providers or other parties. Clients are required to independently negotiate arrangements with liquidity providers and other parties bilaterally. Talos is not party to any of these arrangements. Services and venues may not be available in all jurisdictions.

#### About Uniswap Labs

Uniswap Labs is the largest on-chain marketplace for digital assets and the most trusted name in DeFi. The Uniswap Protocol is the leading source of liquidity across DeFi, processing $1.7 trillion in lifetime volume. Uniswap Labs builds products that allow users to easily and safely access DeFi, including the Uniswap web and mobile apps and UniswapX. Uniswap Labs makes swapping simple -- anytime, anywhere. Learn more at [app.uniswap.org/swap](https://app.uniswap.org/swap).

#### About Fireblocks
Fireblocks is an enterprise-grade platform delivering a secure infrastructure for moving, storing, and issuing digital assets. Fireblocks enables exchanges, lending desks, custodians, banks, trading desks, and hedge funds to securely scale digital asset operations through the Fireblocks Network and MPC-based Wallet Infrastructure. Fireblocks serves thousands of financial institutions, has secured the transfer of over $4 trillion in digital assets, and has a unique insurance policy that covers assets in storage and transit. Some of the biggest trading desks have switched to Fireblocks because it's the only solution that CISOs and Ops Teams both love. For more information, please visit [www.fireblocks.com](http://www.fireblocks.com).

Uniswap Labs and Talos partner to bring decentralized liquidity and onchain settlement to professional traders and institutions.

Talos Teams up with Uniswap Labs and Fireblocks in Landmark Partnership to Bring DeFi Liquidity to Institutional Investors

*By [Austin Adams](https://twitter.com/AustinAdams10), [Benjamin Chan](https://twitter.com/Vervious), [Sarit Markovich](https://www.linkedin.com/in/sarit-markovich-b0a6476/), and [Xin Wan](https://twitter.com/xin__wan) [^1]*

[^1]: Our work is made possible by the generous support of [BlockNative](https://www.blocknative.com/) and [BloXroute](https://bloxroute.com/). The historical mempool data they provided helped us with our research. We thank them for their contributions.

Read the full paper [here](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2309.13648.pdf)

---

Uniswap transactions are safe from hacks, but, like other onchain swaps, they’re exposed to people seeking to profit off unconfirmed transactions. New tools like private RPC providers protect against maximal extractable value (MEV) but users must trust that RPC operators, block builders, and relayers do not misuse this exclusive data. 

Our research lays out a new approach that only uses onchain data, called reordering slippage, to verify that swappers are getting a fair price for their private transaction. Using this new metric, our initial findings show that private mempools are working for users and not against them — and that reordering slippage is a robust tool to hold private actors accountable.

# Public and private mempools
The Ethereum public mempool is crowded with "searchers" looking to profit off pending transactions through [arbitrage, frontrunning, or sandwich attacks](https://support.uniswap.org/hc/en-us/articles/19387081481741-What-is-a-sandwich-attack-). To bypass searchers and get better prices, private RPC providers send transactions directly to block builders. Though private transactions are not broadcasted to a public mempool, they are revealed to the private RPC providers, relayers, and builders in the private transaction supply chain. In exchange for swap protection and better prices, swappers have to trust them not to act on this exclusive information, like frontrunning a private transaction.

# Trust but verify, onchain
Currently, the only way to audit the trustworthiness of block builders, relayers, and RPC providers is by comparing onchain data against private data, which is not readily accessible to most. Our research proposes a new metric to audit this work with __only onchain data__, which is key for transparency. 

Reordering slippage measures the difference between the actual slippage of a swap and the average slippage of the same swap with the entire block randomly ordered. If reordering slippage is measured at zero, we can verify with onchain data that private mempools are working as they should. If it is measured to be negative, we have reason to believe that the swap was ordered in a way that disadvantages the swapper.

# Our findings
To test this metric, we use onchain data to calculate reordering slippage for the [USDC-ETH](https://info.uniswap.org/#/pools/0x88e6a0c2ddd26feeb64f039a2c41296fcb3f5640)and [PEPE-ETH](https://info.uniswap.org/#/pools/0x11950d141ecb863f01007add7d1a342041227b58). When we compare the reordering slippage data against historic data from private mempools, both methods indicate that the top five builders have not antagonistically ordered private transactions. This validates our hypothesis that reordering slippage can shine a light on private mempool behavior and hold private RPCs, relayers, and builders accountable to users.

Research from Uniswap Labs introduces a new metric, Reordering Slippage, that exclusively uses onchain data to verify that swappers are getting the best prices in private mempools.

MEV Supply Chain: Trust but Verify

Over the past few weeks, we’ve rolled out several updates to our web app and mobile app to improve your swap experience. That means more options, better prices, and faster swaps – all on the most trusted Protocol in DeFi. We're excited to share the latest with you.

# Faster swaps
Step one in swapping is getting a quote. We’ve reduced our quote times to a fraction of a second with some back-end caching and parallel processing. With a snappy quote in hand, swappers can submit their transaction with one less click.

![image5](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/LB7jD2RiAh5pUG4eQ6yWd/77222aa5203a4c7ff38e25bc9317bd4e/image5.gif)

# Better fee on transfer token support
Fee on transfer (FoT) tokens take a fee when you swap in, out, or both. Because FoT tokens don’t follow a specific standard, swaps often fail or require higher slippage, which opens them up to frontrunning and sandwich attacks. We’ve built a custom detector on both web and mobile that automatically detects FoT tokens, displays the token fee to swappers, and adjusts slippage to include the fee. All this works to prevent failed transactions and better protect swaps from MEV.

![image4](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/51h1mBn8ILM9sgVV70HP46/e0070ea7016279eb775eedc9e6e720f8/image4.png)

# Swap protection
As an added layer of security, we've added [swap protection](https://support.uniswap.org/hc/en-us/articles/18814993155853-What-is-Swap-Protection-) to the Uniswap app to protect you from people trying to profit from your swaps. Attempts to [frontrun or sandwich](https://support.uniswap.org/hc/en-us/articles/19387081481741-What-is-a-sandwich-attack-) swaps from the Uniswap app can lead to failed transactions or bad prices. Swap protection sends your swaps to a private transaction pool, protecting them from these types of attacks. You can always turn off swap protection in settings.

![image1](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/FIDAYnyfrx9qHQ8Fs5bq4/49c6ee0a1d839549e46b37b6cd6198c3/image1.png)

# Refreshed look
To top off our swap UX changes, we’ve also given our mobile and web swap interface a refreshed look. Swapping is one of the most common onchain actions and our look should be equally simple, intuitive, and safe. Our new design language marries high-contrast colors with a legible typeface to make your swaps look and feel smoother.

![image3](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/2GhAVobeM7ZjzLbUc8kV4h/44f6ede477b7c40bb37a2fa50ec570f6/image3.jpg)

***

We're eager to hear your feedback and refine the Uniswap swap experience. Reach out to us on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/Uniswap) or [Discord](https://discord.gg/FCfyBSbCU5).

We've rolled out updates to our web app and mobile app to improve your swap experience. That means more options, better prices, and faster swaps.

A Better Uniswap(ping) Experience

We're excited to bring Uniswap to everyone's pocket with the release of Uniswap on Android. The Uniswap app first launched on [iOS](https://apps.apple.com/app/apple-store/id6443944476) in April and in less than a month became a top 3 wallet for new downloads. Now, we're bringing a  simpler and safer way to swap on the go to Android users. Download the app [here](https://uniswapwallet.onelink.me/8q3y/2bvxi1lk).

<Video source="//videos.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/2hs3mDgoQhCFPX2B1aRc8i/85744c1bf332b6415da9c18679cc8a4a/Launch_Video.mp4" description="" />

# An app built for swapping on Android
Getting the details right is important to us. Over the past few months, we’ve meticulously adapted Uniswap to Android to match the same swapping experience that millions have on Uniswap.

The Uniswap app is thoughtfully built for the perfect swap: discovering top tokens, automatically switching between Mainnet and L2s, and swapping in a fraction of a second. Over the past few months, we’ve doubled down on what we think makes a great swap. We’ve shipped updates every other week to make swapping faster and added more tokens and chains to swap on.

### Dead simple swaps on L2s
The next wave of user adoption will happen on chains with cheaper and faster transactions. That's why we've made it dead simple to swap on L2s. Swappers don't even need to switch between these chains. Just select a token and the Uniswap app will automatically detect the chain and switch to it. Swap on Polygon, Arbitrum, Optimism, and now **[Base](https://twitter.com/Uniswap/status/1690802620649324544)** and **[BNBChain](https://twitter.com/Uniswap/status/1706655931243835685)** with more to come.

### Protect your swaps
The best swaps are fast and have unbeatable prices. Sometimes, swaps and other onchain activities are subject to [frontrunning and sandwich attacks](https://support.uniswap.org/hc/en-us/articles/19387081481741-What-is-a-sandwich-attack-), which can affect the price you get. That's why we've added [swap protection](https://support.uniswap.org/hc/en-us/articles/18814993155853-What-is-Swap-Protection-) to the Uniswap app. Swaps on the mobile app will now default to a private transaction pool to protect them from MEV and give you better prices.

![image1](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/205yxEzUTKTMYmLV8Wnd1O/67cffccfd539ca18973b22c7795d9e32/image1.png)

### Transparent pricing
There shouldn't be any surprises with swapping. Swaps should be transparent, just like blockchains. Some tokens [take a fee](https://support.uniswap.org/hc/en-us/articles/18673568523789-What-is-a-token-fee-) when you swap in, out, or both. Without a clear token standard, these fees are often hidden and swappers get fewer tokens than they were expecting.

We rolled out an update to automatically spot these tokens and show them in our mobile app and web interface. Just one more way to make swaps simpler.

![image2](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/170waLxZk7QfLgRqyQjqfF/40c66e7b2fab3e8148ec6ec5e16c63b8/image2.png)

# Get started with Uniswap on Android
We're excited to bring the power of Uniswap to Android. Over the past month, thousands of beta testers were instrumental in improving the swap experience. Today, we're releasing our [open-sourced](https://github.com/Uniswap/wallet) and [audited](https://github.com/trailofbits/publications/blob/master/reviews/2023-09-uniswap-wallet-securityreview.pdf) Uniswap app for anyone to download. Head over to the Google Play Store to download the app to swap on the safest and most battle-tested protocol in DeFi.

Check out our Help Center content if you have questions. As always, share your feedback with us on Discord!
* [How to get started with the Android wallet](https://support.uniswap.org/hc/en-us/articles/20317941356429-Get-started-with-the-Uniswap-Android-Wallet)
* [How to create a wallet, import recovery phrases, add new wallets, and more](https://support.uniswap.org/hc/en-us/sections/11302111085709)
* [How to swap, bridge to L2s, connect via WalletConnect, and more](https://support.uniswap.org/hc/en-us/sections/11302165059213)

Uniswap is now on Android. We’re bringing a  simpler and safer way to swap on the go to Android users.

Uniswap on Android

A few months ago, we announced [a vision for Uniswap v4](https://blog.uniswap.org/uniswap-v4). In it, we introduced hooks and how they turn liquidity on Uniswap into a platform for developers to create pools with new and unique features. This vision for Uniswap came with unfinished v4 code to serve as a starting point for the Uniswap community to build on. Since then, the Uniswap community has been out in force. With the support of the [Uniswap Foundation](https://www.uniswapfoundation.org/), developers have worked on hundreds of [hook](https://twitter.com/Uniswap/status/1669425061156081665) ideas, implementations, hackathons, [Github](https://github.com/uniswap/v4-core) commits, and educational resources.

## Hooks
Hooks are the newest addition in Uniswap v4. They are like plugins that let developers innovate on the Uniswap Protocol's liquidity and security to create new AMM features.

Hooks are smart contracts that can run arbitrary code at various points of a pool action's lifecycle. These hooks are permissionless, meaning anyone can create and deploy a hook. Once created, pool deployers choose which hooks they want to enable in their pools; hooks are not enforced across all pools. For example, a USDC/ETH pool deployer can enable a [TWAMM](https://blog.uniswap.org/v4-twamm-hook) hook and a more resistant [oracle](https://blog.uniswap.org/uniswap-v4-truncated-oracle-hook). For a more technical explanation of hooks, please read the Uniswap Foundation's [documentation](https://docs.uniswapfoundation.org/).

When we open-sourced the v4 code, we published a few sample hook contracts. Since then, dozens of other hooks have been coded, including:

- [Arbitrage Controller](https://ethglobal.com/showcase/arb-controller-dw3so): Sets dynamic fees for a pool based on the price movements to discourage informed order flow from arbitrageurs.
- [Crosschain Liquidity](https://github.com/cesarhuret/v4-cclp): Transfers the user's LP to another chain, without them having to worry about bridging.
- [Fair Trade](https://github.com/batoulalkarim/copy-trade-nyc-mb): Launches tokens with safety guarantees for future token holders and traders.
- [Median Price Oracle](https://github.com/saucepoint/median-oracles): A median price oracle that is more resistant to manipulation than TWAP.
- [Backrunning](https://github.com/emmaguo13/backrunning-hook/tree/main): Captures arbitrage after a swap and distributes profits back to the LPs instead of being captured by backrunning MEV arbitrageurs.
- [Vote Escrow](https://github.com/kadenzipfel/veLP): A Curve-style voting escrow (ve) hook.
- [Automated Buybacks](https://github.com/atj3097/buyback-hook): Allows protocols to automate token buybacks from their treasure when prices drop below some threshold.

Uniswap v4's hook design gives developers much more flexibility using liquidity on Uniswap. Developers will build new and exciting AMM features that we haven't thought of yet. The sky is the limit, and we've seen so much excitement at the events we've done with the Uniswap Foundation at [EthCC](https://twitter.com/UniswapFND/status/1683983199872122881) and [EthGlobal NYC](https://twitter.com/0xTyllen/status/1706045165972959695).

## GitHub contributions
Open-sourcing Uniswap v4 serves two purposes. One is to experiment with novel and innovative hook designs. The other is to build in public and receive meaningful feedback and contributions from the community.

Once again, we're delighted and grateful to see so much activity in Github. Our [v4-core](https://github.com/Uniswap/v4-core) and [v4-periphery](https://github.com/Uniswap/v4-periphery/) repos have been forked over 1,000 times. We've closed nearly 100 PRs and have had over 50 commits. These contributions range from translating the v4 whitepaper into other languages, gas optimization, and following best practices to more extensive efforts like migrating tests to Foundry.

Other contributions have sparked discussions among Uniswap developers and researchers. Thogard's [PR](https://github.com/Uniswap/v4-core/pull/291#issuecomment-1642791541) inspired us to consider NoOps design, and jtriley-eth makes a good [case](https://github.com/Uniswap/v4-core/pull/358) for replacing ERC-1155 with ERC-6909. These quality contributions continue to shape Uniswap v4 into a powerful liquidity platform for DeFi.

![image1](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/jaENgMQ0VhyibPtWIcNDZ/b745dfa25b3103f66eabbf8fbc7bdce2/image1.png)
<center><a href="https://twitter.com/saucepoint/status/1707042553936187646">Tweet Source</a></center>

## Educational resources
The Uniswap Foundation has put together education resources and tools to help developers build on top of Uniswap v4. They've created [documentation](https://docs.uniswapfoundation.org/), created a [hooks directory](https://uniswaphooks.com/), sponsored hackathons, and have much more [planned](https://www.uniswapfoundation.org/). Their resources aggregate helpful resources within the broader community. For example, Msfew's [curated list](https://github.com/fewwwww/awesome-uniswap-hooks#-examples) of Uniswap v4 hook resources includes tools, templates, tutorials, articles, videos, and dozens of hook implementations.

Hackathons double as great locations for workshops. The Uniswap Foundation and Uniswap Labs [co-hosted a workshop](https://twitter.com/Uniswap/status/1707051603495457067) on v4 and hooks right before the ETHGlobal NYC hackathon, inspiring dozens of hook projects.

![image2](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/3TYRRm1lG0LG4umZg8CpwP/02c17b2bccac3b1bd52be53b003297d3/image2.jpg)
<center>Tacklebox Talks hosted by Uniswap Labs and the Uniswap Foundation</center>

---

Uniswap v4 is a community effort. By building in public, Uniswap Labs, the Uniswap Foundation, and the larger Uniswap community can all meaningfully contribute in ways that will build better onchain market infrastructure for all of crypto.

Since publicizing the Uniswap v4 draft code, the open source community has worked on hundreds of hook ideas, implementations, hackathons, github commits, and educational resources.

Community Contributions to Uniswap v4

*By [Austin Adams](https://twitter.com/AustinAdams10), [Mary Catherine Lader](https://twitter.com/Mclader), [Gordon Liao](https://twitter.com/gordonliao), and [Jon Fink Isaksen](https://dk.linkedin.com/in/jonisaksen)*

Last week on September 28th, the [Bank for International Settlements](https://www.bis.org/) (BIS) released a [report](https://www.bis.org/about/bisih/topics/cbdc/mariana.htm?s=31) in support of DeFi and automated market makers (AMMs) as infrastructure for a new generation of financial markets.

This 100 year old financial institution facilitates cooperation between its member central banks in monetary policy and the foreign exchange (FX) market, which stands at the biggest financial market with $7.5 trillion in daily trading volume. Throughout the past year, the BIS and central banks of France, Singapore, and Switzerland [conducted an experiment](https://www.bis.org/about/bisih/topics/cbdc/mariana.htm) using AMMs and bridges to trade between the euro, Singapore dollar, and Swiss franc, represented onchain as wrapped Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDCs). Combined, these three currencies account for 2.85 trillion in daily [FX OTC trades](https://stats.bis.org/statx/srs/table/d11.3).

Named after the Mariana Trench, the deepest oceanic trench, Project Mariana is aimed toward providing the deepest amount of foreign exchange liquidity using DeFi and AMMs. This echoes our [prior work](https://uniswap.org/TheDominanceofUniswapv3Liquidity.pdf) on how concentrated liquidity can provide more liquidity than traditional limit order book designs. Their [concluding report](https://www.bis.org/about/bisih/topics/cbdc/mariana.htm?s=31) plainly states,

<center>"DeFi elements tested in the project, specifically automated market makers, could form the basis for a new generation of financial market infrastructures."</center>

We applaud BIS Innovation Hub's effort in exploring specific bonding curve designs and encourage the team to utilize the competitive AMM solutions in future iterations of its design choices.

The report also cites Uniswap v3 when explaining the benefits of AMMs such as instant settlement, transparency, and LP tokens as collateral. The BIS believes that a number of AMMs can be tailored to satisfy the requirements proposed in the [FX Global Code](https://www.globalfxc.org/fx_global_code.htm), something we said ourselves in a [recent piece](https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4328948) with Uniswap Labs and [Circle](https://www.circle.com/en/).

It is genuinely exciting to see TradFi institutions, like the BIS, share our beliefs and convictions that financial primitives, when enforced through code, can lead to fairer, faster, and cheaper financial markets.  We hope that the BIS's research will encourage more public-private partnerships to further explore and validate the real-world use cases of blockchain technology and DeFi.

Uniswap is proud to play its part in this journey towards innovation.

The Project Mariana experiment uses DeFi and AMMs to create foreign exchange markets for the euro, Singaporean dollar, and Swiss franc.

A DeFi Playground for Foreign Exchange Markets

Since day one, Uniswap has been committed to creating the best swap experience. As crypto markets have evolved, so has our understanding of what exactly that experience looks like for users.

To be the best place to swap, Uniswap must have the best prices and the best liquidity.
Best price can seem easy to measure but needs deep liquidity to find the best path. Liquidity is best when there is a flexible but reliable combination of tokens, pools, and fee tiers to attract liquidity providers for deeper markets.

Each successive version of Uniswap has supported more complex pool features, and v4 will take that to another level. While great for liquidity, pool customizability made it hard to find swappers the optimal route that would give them the best price. Routing and liquidity have become two separate – but related – problem spaces as markets have evolved. 

To make progress on both fronts, we’re unbundling them. Uniswap v4 introduces hooks to build custom automated market maker (AMM) features, like [recurring investments](https://blog.uniswap.org/v4-twamm-hook) or [oracles](https://blog.uniswap.org/uniswap-v4-truncated-oracle-hook). UniswapX outsources routing complexity to an open network of third-party fillers who then compete to find the best price across liquidity sources. Together, these complementary protocols help give users the best swapping experience.

# Best liquidity with Uniswap v4
Uniswap v1 was an experiment in liquidity creation to test if AMMs had a place in crypto. But AMMs unlocked powerful new tools to let anyone create permissionless markets. Uniswap became the most popular venue for long-tail of tokens, like MKR and DAI. Only after came the next problem of what it means to be the best place for liquidity.

Later versions of Uniswap became more expressive. Uniswap v2 and v3 introduced ERC20 pairs, concentrated liquidity, and custom fee tiers to make deploying liquidity even more customizable. Uniswap v4 takes that one step further. V4 hooks are like plugins, letting pool deployers introduce arbitrary code that can run at key points throughout the pool’s lifecycle – like before or after a swap.

With hooks, developers can innovate on top of the Uniswap Protocol’s liquidity and security to create [customized AMM pools](https://github.com/Uniswap/v4-periphery/tree/main/contracts/hooks/examples) that integrate with v4’s smart contracts. Because each pool is now defined by more than just the tokens and fee tier, we'll see pools of all colors, shapes, and sizes.

![image1](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/2r6TxZuKJVFZOxytHPGC8A/dff3d2fabfa3312e576abfea0e057760/image1.jpg)

All this customization and expressivity began to fragment Uniswap’s liquidity across three (soon four) different versions and nearly a dozen chains. Finding a swapper the best price on a trade meant checking a lot more pools for the optimal route. That meant more computation, more hops, and more gas. Customized AMM features will make Uniswap the best place for liquidity, but it becomes more challenging to find the best route that gives swappers the most tokens.

UniswapX is a protocol focused on the routing problem. It outsources the problem of discovering the best route to a competitive marketplace that is aware of other onchain sources and private inventory to find swappers the best price.

# Best prices with UniswapX
Finding the best possible route depends on how broad liquidity coverage is. The more liquidity we know about, the more options we can have to find the best route. The Uniswap [auto-router](https://blog.uniswap.org/auto-router-v2), DEX aggregators, and [meta-aggregators](https://swap.defillama.com/) are popular for this exact reason — they have broad liquidity coverage.

![image3](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/1QUgAkIfXbYgru3xqNLv3Q/82176398882801c70d17e28165270974/image3.jpg)
<center>The Uniswap auto-router searches v3 and v3 to find the most tokens</center>

But as the universe of liquidity pools expands, manually maintaining a single routing engine is not sustainable. Aggregators are bottlenecked by needing constant maintenance. With Uniswap v4, that maintenance will be more difficult. Liquidity will exist behind custom hooks that routing engines would need to find, audit, and use.

Our solution to the routing problem was to create a marketplace that would gamify liquidity discovery. Instead of accepting a quote from a single source, swaps go through an auction system. “Fillers” will compete to find the best route that offers the best price for swappers.

This market is highly competitive. Fillers, who look like the block-builders and traders of today, are incentivized to use any strategy at their disposal to offer lower prices. They can give [MEV](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/mev/) back to swappers, look for obscure liquidity sources, tap into private inventory, or save gas by batching — anything that will give them an advantage to win the auction. UniswapX turns routing from a one-to-one problem into a one-to-many problem with a permissionless protocol that formalizes market participants, sets ground rules, and lets fillers compete with each other to push value back to the swapper.

Creating a market for swap fulfillment prepares us for a multichain future as well. Swapping tokens across chains will need to mimic the UX of swapping on a single network. Routing will need to abstract bridge complexity and latency. Fillers can draw on cross-domain MEV, private inventory, and user intents to win the right to give a swapper the largest number of output tokens.

As the universe of existing liquidity pools branches across four Uniswap versions and more chains, the UniswapX filler network will actively discover new liquidity sources to maximize liquidity coverage and offer the best price.

# Parallel and complementary protocols
Uniswap v4 and UniswapX are parallel and complementary protocols. Each focuses on a specific problem space: Uniswap v4 optimizes pool customizability to be maximally expressive and UniswapX optimizes routing to maximize output tokens. Combined, these two give swappers the best swapping experience while maintaining our commitment to decentralized, censorship-resistant, and permissionless markets.

Uniswap v4 and UniswapX work together to have the best liquidity and best prices.

How Uniswap v4 and UniswapX Create the Best Swapping Experience

<center>Part 4 of a series on using L2s with the <a href="https://wallet.uniswap.org/">Uniswap app</a></center>

This summer, Ethereum [scaling solutions](https://blog.uniswap.org/uniswap-scaling-summer) have exploded in popularity. After years of research and development, Ethereum has a thriving ecosystem of Layer 2 (L2) networks, applications, and users. The Uniswap Protocol has deployed across several of these L2s, and the Uniswap app currently supports four of them, with more on the way.

We've explored [Arbitrum](https://blog.uniswap.org/scaling-summer-arbitrum), [Optimism](https://blog.uniswap.org/scaling-summer-optimism), and [Polygon](https://blog.uniswap.org/scaling-summer-polygon) in previous posts. Today, we're looking at the Base ecosystem. Base is an L2 rollup incubated by Coinbase and built with the OP Stack, which we covered in our Optimism [blog post](https://blog.uniswap.org/scaling-summer-optimism). Base mainnet opened for everyone last month and already has over [$350](https://defillama.com/chain/Base) million in total value locked and an average of [70,000](https://dune.com/queries/2839431/4741865) daily active addresses. By using a standardized tech stack, Base has made it easy for developers to quickly deploy dapps, like Uniswap, onto Base. In just a [few short weeks](https://twitter.com/Uniswap/status/1688581784609435648), Uniswap has already done [$250 million](https://defillama.com/dexs/chains/base) in volume over [450,000 swaps](https://dune.com/queries/3033876).

Building on top of the OP stack is a big win for the interoperability of the L2 ecosystem. Together with Optimism, Base is working towards the vision of the "Superchain"- a horizontally scalable network of chains that will jointly scale Ethereum. This is the first time a centralized, publicly traded company is launching a permissionless blockchain and will have to navigate the dynamics around centralization, interoperability, and security. While Coinbase is currently supporting and maintaining internal infrastructure to keep Base online in the preliminary phases, Base [aims to gradually decentralize](https://base.mirror.xyz/aBwt4flT1WAKJGQTj2AXBpH_8Qd3umQ-ZECLAJoO_nE).

![image2](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/22XFpzCLUwGmuvW2zIUFDm/cf64e92590347e8d6111fb281a81d34f/image2.png)
<center><a href="https://defillama.com/dexs/uniswap">Daily Uniswap volume on Base</a></center>

Base aims to make "onchain the next online" and onboard the next billion users onchain. Since its mainnet launch, many [leading dapps](https://base.org/ecosystem), as well as unique onchain experiments, have found a home on Base. Among them are:

- [Friend.tech](https://twitter.com/friendtech), one of  the most popular social apps on Base with thousands of daily users
- [BasePaint](https://twitter.com/basepaint_xyz), which was inspired by Reddit's [r/place](https://www.reddit.com/r/place/) game. Each day, hundreds of artists create a single piece together
- [Blackbird](https://twitter.com/blackbird_xyz), a restaurant loyalty platform that unlocks rewards for repeat visitors

Base is a sandbox for new and novel onchain experiments. But to get your hands dirty, you need a wallet. One that makes it easy to connect and start using dapps on Base. At Uniswap Labs, we've built our [self-custodial wallet](https://apps.apple.com/app/apple-store/id6443944476?pt=123625782&ct=Scaling-Summer-Base&mt=8) as a friendly gateway into the Base ecosystem and other L2s. Our fiat on-ramp lets you go directly from your bank to Base without bridging funds. Once in the app, you can seamlessly switch to Base and use WalletConnect to discover your new favorite dapp!

---

*Uniswap is encouraging users to go onchain and explore L2s as part of #ScalingSummer. To join our educational quests, click [here](https://layer3.xyz/quests/swap-on-base-using-uniswap-wallet)*

Learn more about Uniswap's activity on Base as part of our ongoing series on the Uniswap wallet and L2s.

Scaling Summer: Spotlight on Base

The [Uniswap Protocol](https://blog.uniswap.org/what-is-uniswap) is a vital piece of crypto infrastructure for millions of swappers, offering deep liquidity to support over $1.6 trillion in volume. [Uniswap v4](https://blog.uniswap.org/uniswap-v4) is the latest evolution of the Protocol, which allows developers to build custom AMM features on top of Uniswap using [hooks](https://twitter.com/Uniswap/status/1669425061156081665).

Previously we wrote about the time-weighted average market maker [hook](https://blog.uniswap.org/v4-twamm-hook). Today, we're focusing on a truncated oracle. Price oracles, like the ones in Uniswap v3 pools, convey price information about a pool's price to other DeFi protocols. A truncated price oracle, deployed as an optional v4 hook, blunts the price impact of large trades, making them more resistant to oracle manipulation techniques and safer for DeFi.

# The role of a price oracle
A price oracle is a tool used to view price information about a given asset. These onchain oracles are trustless price feeds that reflect onchain data. Uniswap [v3 price oracles](https://docs.uniswap.org/concepts/protocol/oracle) allow smart contracts to integrate and consume onchain pricing data across DeFi to create more composable applications. Uniswap v3 price oracles were built with Proof of Work in mind, but the merge to Proof of Stake changed a few key assumptions for the oracle, making it less secure.

However, the importance of price oracles makes them a [target](https://medium.com/beaver-smartcontract-security/defi-security-lecture-7-price-oracle-manipulation-d716cdeaaf77) for bad actors who have an economic incentive to manipulate them. While it's [too costly](https://blog.uniswap.org/uniswap-v3-oracles#how-does-someone-manipulate-the-twap) to manipulate prices of highly liquid pools on Uniswap v3, we can modify the oracle to be even more resilient.

A truncated price oracle uses a slightly different formula to calculate prices and serves more reliable prices that are less subject to manipulation.

# What is the truncated oracle hook?
The truncated oracle is an onchain price oracle that records the price of an asset in a Uniswap liquidity pool using the [geometric mean formula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_mean). This oracle is then truncated -- meaning the recorded price can only move up or down to a maximum amount in a single block.

Truncation helps smooth out the price impact of large swaps over time -- whether they are legitimate or malicious. If a bad actor tried to manipulate the price, they would have to sustain their manipulation over many blocks -- making the truncated oracle much costlier to manipulate.

![image2](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/38y7eGF1gyyTsZBgQs9tzR/c407b5b537a5b3fb6d5fe29b140ff0ed/image2.jpg)

## How it works
The [hook contract](https://twitter.com/Uniswap/status/1669425061156081665) stores a copy of the pool's price. In Uniswap v3 and v4, these prices are represented as [ticks](https://docs.uniswap.org/concepts/protocol/concentrated-liquidity#ticks). Before a swap or LP adjustment, the hook compares the pool's current tick to the tick stored in its contract. If the difference between these two numbers is less than some number (we use [9,116](https://github.com/Uniswap/v4-periphery/blob/trunc-oracle/contracts/libraries/TruncatedOracle.sol#L21C13-L21C13) based on our [research](https://blog.uniswap.org/uniswap-v3-oracles#fnref-10)), then the hook will update to this new tick. However, if the pool's current tick has moved more than 9,116 units, the oracle will cap its tick value to +- 9,116, limiting how much a pool's tick can move in a block.

After the hook has updated, swap or LP transactions will execute until the block is over. The cycle then repeats the next block that triggers the hook contract.

![image1](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/4RqCT2XxUlQlpWwlFvqT8O/2168872b682e26405504b3832e7b971b/image1.jpg)

By truncating how drastically price (tick) swings can be recorded, the oracle ignores outliers and smoothes out the price impact of large swaps. If a large price swing is sustained, then the oracle would quickly catch up to the pool’s tick.

# Truncated oracles can be safer
Let's use a lending market as an example to better understand the truncated oracle. DeFi lending markets let users deposit assets as collateral to borrow against another asset, up to some fraction of the collateral's value.

For example, if a lending market has a collateralization ratio of 1.5, then Alice would need to put up at least $1,500 in collateral to borrow 1,000 USDC. If ETH is $1,000, then Alice would need to deposit at least 1.5 ETH. Alice needs to maintain a minimum of a 1.5 ratio. If her 1.5 ETH drops in value, then anyone can repay her bad debt and claim the 1.5 ETH collateral.

Lending markets use price oracles to compare the prices of ETH and USDC. While manipulating the ETH/USDC pool on Uniswap v3 is currently [economically impractical](https://blog.uniswap.org/uniswap-v3-oracles), Bob, a malicious actor, can tip the scales on a smaller DEX by executing a large swap and tanking the price of ETH. This allows Bob to manipulate the lending market into believing that Alice's position needs to be liquidated. Then, Bob can pay off Alice's loan for less than $1,500 and take her 1.5 ETH.

This type of manipulation is one of the most common ways that protocols that rely on price oracles can be manipulated into losing money. Lending is just one example. Other DeFi primitives like perpetuals also rely on onchain price oracles.

If Alice's lending market used a truncated price oracle, then Bob would have to sustain his market manipulation over time. In this example, Bob would have to wait 15 blocks for the oracle to catch up before he could try to liquidate Alice's position. In those five minutes, arbitrage bots would likely eat away at Bob's swap, leaving him with nothing. That cost for Bob is just too high.

![image3](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/3XsGIKZZuHyjZNi6l1sqMt/7c9a6de84b400f1d38b26131ae95a7ca/image3.jpg)

---

*To learn more about the truncated oracle hook, you can look at our sample implementation on [Github](https://github.com/Uniswap/v4-periphery/blob/trunc-oracle/contracts/hooks/TruncGeoOracle.sol). You can read about v4 in our [whitepaper](https://github.com/Uniswap/v4-core/blob/main/whitepaper-v4-draft.pdf), check out our [code](https://github.com/Uniswap/v4-core/tree/main), consider [contributing](https://github.com/Uniswap/v4-core/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md), and connect with the Labs team and other devs on [Discord](https://discord.com/invite/FCfyBSbCU5). Uniswap v4 and the truncated hook are still being developed. The final specs may vary.*

This example Uniswap v4 hook implements a Truncated Geometric Mean oracle. This oracle is more resistant to manipulation techniques by blunting the price impact of large trades.

Uniswap v4 Truncated Oracle Hook

<center>Part 3 of a series on using L2s with the <a href="https://wallet.uniswap.org/">Uniswap app</a></center>

This summer, Ethereum [scaling solutions](https://blog.uniswap.org/uniswap-scaling-summer) have exploded in popularity. After years of research and development, Ethereum has a thriving ecosystem of Layer 2 (L2) networks, applications, and users. The Uniswap Protocol is deployed across a number of these L2s and the [Uniswap app](https://wallet.uniswap.org/) currently supports 4 of them, in addition to mainnet, with more coming.

Last month, we dug into [Arbitrum](https://blog.uniswap.org/scaling-summer-arbitrum) and [Optimism](https://blog.uniswap.org/scaling-summer-optimism). Today, we're checking out Polygon. Polygon's original Proof-of-Stake (PoS) chain was launched in 2017 and has over [350,000](https://tokenterminal.com/terminal/metrics/user-dau) daily active users (DAU) transacting over 2 million times every day. This puts Polygon PoS as the most popular scaling solution on Ethereum today.

Uniswap [launched on Polygon PoS](https://twitter.com/Uniswap/status/1473754630173638663) in December 2021 as the fourth chain after Ethereum mainnet, Optimism, and Arbitrum. Uniswap started 2022 with just $2 billion in cumulative trading volume on Polygon PoS and ended with over $28B by the [end](https://twitter.com/0xPolygonLabs/status/1610683710008852481). This year, that number stands at $47.35B, making Uniswap the [leading liquidity protocol](https://defillama.com/dexs/chains/polygon) on Polygon PoS, processing over $215M in trading volume over the past 7 days.

Because swaps cost only [1 cent](https://tokentool.bitbond.com/gas-price/polygon), Polygon PoS is a popular destination for inexpensive onchain activity. The Uniswap app's [fiat-on-ramp](https://blog.uniswap.org/web-fiat-on-ramp) makes it easier for swappers to fund their [wallets](https://wallet.uniswap.org/) directly on Polygon PoS.

![image1](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/7gdTKzhf73Rspxq1cO9v6h/ebef7afdd30c364210e8c6f3ad399023/image1.png)
<center><a href="https://defillama.com/dexs/uniswap">Daily Uniswap volume on Polygon</a></center>

Most L2 networks focus on a single chain but Polygon refers to a family of interconnected chains that address specific needs within the broader Ethereum ecosystem. Polygon PoS is the most popular chain, but there is also [Polygon Miden](https://polygon.technology/polygon-miden) and [Polygon zkEVM](https://polygon.technology/polygon-zkevm). Both are zero-knowledge (ZK) rollups that use cryptography to secure transactions as opposed to Optimism, Arbitrum, and Base, which use crypto-economic incentives. In general, ZK rollups offer greater security guarantees and much faster finality than optimistic rollups, though their increased complexity requires careful development and powerful hardware.

A few months ago, Polygon announced its plans for [Polygon 2.0](https://polygon.technology/roadmap) to unify Polygon PoS, zkEVM, and Miden with ZK technology. This will be the first experiment of its kind in crypto and a major undertaking to navigate challenges around centralization, interoperability, and security.

Multi-chain ecosystems are difficult to navigate; users have to fiat onramp, bridge between networks, and manage their funds. A successful migration to Polygon 2.0 would ease many of the UX problems that Polygon users currently face, but users still need a feature-rich app to interact onchain. At Uniswap Labs, we've built our [self-custodial wallet](https://apps.apple.com/app/apple-store/id6443944476?pt=123625782&ct=Scaling-Summer-Polygon&mt=8) as a friendly gateway into the Polygon ecosystem and other L2s with a direct fiat-on-ramp, seamless switching between mainnet and L2s, and WalletConnect for any app on Polygon.

---

*Uniswap is encouraging users to go onchain and explore L2s as part of #ScalingSummer. To join our educational quests, click [here](https://layer3.xyz/quests/swap-on-polygon-using-uniswap-wallet).*

Learn more about Uniswap's activity on Polygon as part of our ongoing series on the Uniswap wallet and L2s.

Scaling Summer: Spotlight on Polygon

Research from Paradigm, Uniswap Labs, and the Wormhole Foundation uses historical examples to explain how technology always leads trading systems.

Electronification, Trading, and Crypto

<center>Part 2 of a series on using L2s with the <a href="https://wallet.uniswap.org/">Uniswap app</a></center>

This summer, Ethereum [scaling solutions](https://blog.uniswap.org/uniswap-scaling-summer) have exploded in popularity. After years of research and development, Ethereum has a thriving ecosystem of Layer 2 (L2) networks, applications, and users. The Uniswap Protocol is deployed across a number of these L2 and the [Uniswap app](https://wallet.uniswap.org/) currently supports 4 of them, in addition to mainnet, with more coming.

A few weeks ago, we dug into the [Arbitrum](https://blog.uniswap.org/scaling-summer-arbitrum) with the Uniswap app. Today, we're checking out Optimism. Optimism Mainnet is an Optimistic rollup with over [100,000](https://dune.com/queries/469990/890729) daily active users (DAU) transacting over [600,000](https://dune.com/queries/347720/662079) times every day. Many of these DAUs are active in the DeFi and NFT ecosystems -- not just on Uniswap, but on projects like Synthetix and Zora.

Before Optimism was ready for mainnet, Uniswap worked with their team in 2019 (then called the Plasma Group), on a project called [Unipig](https://twitter.com/unipigexchange) -- a custom-built rollup for Uniswap that highlighted the UX benefits of L2s. Unipig was an optimistic rollup experiment designed to speed up L2 development with a proof-of-concept of a lightning-fast and cheap dapp on a rollup. Unipig was successful in showing what the future of UX could be. Two years later, Uniswap [launched](https://blog.uniswap.org/uniswap-optimism-alpha) on Optimism Mainnet.

Uniswap is now the [leading liquidity protocol](https://defillama.com/dexs/chains/optimism) on Optimism, processing over 75% of all swapping volume in the past 7 days at $128M. These swaps are [5-10%](https://www.growthepie.xyz/fundamentals/transaction-costs) of the cost of mainnet swaps, making Optimism a popular destination for inexpensive onchain activity. The Uniswap app makes it easy for swappers to fund their wallets directly on Optimism with our fiat-on-ramp.

![image1](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/3HlrbvTjmmZuhiZWx0KYBv/1e8e548b629a4201f17ad2e4595e242e/image1.png)
<center><a href="https://defillama.com/dexs/uniswap">Daily Uniswap volume on Optimism</a></center>

Optimism Mainnet is built using the [OP Stack](https://stack.optimism.io/), a combination of open-source technologies that power the Optimism mainnet. Developers can use the OP Stack to securely create new L2 blockchains that are interoperable with any other blockchains deployed with the OP Stack. This is Optimism's future vision of the [Superchain](https://app.optimism.io/superchain), a horizontally scalable network of chains that share security, a communication layer, and an open-source development stack.

The Superchain is Optimism's solution to an increasingly fragmented L2 ecosystem. The OP Stack standardizes L2s, making it easier to communicate across them. This standardization has downstream benefits too. Apps that are deployed on Optimism can quickly deploy onto any OP Stack chain. For example, Coinbase's Base chain was [built](https://base.mirror.xyz/H_KPwV31M7OJT-THUnU7wYjOF16Sy7aWvaEr5cgHi8I) using the OP Stack. Because Uniswap was already on Optimism, which used the OP Stack, we could quickly [deploy](https://twitter.com/Uniswap/status/1688581784609435648) on Base. This quick deployment meant swappers could reliably swap on a battle-tested and efficient market, making Uniswap the number one [liquidity protocol](https://defillama.com/dexs/chains/base) on Base.

Of course, this tech -- like much of web3 -- is still evolving. Centralized operations that create a better UX face questions about decentralization. Bridging technologies on every L2 face security risks that are still being addressed. And while more experimentation can lead to better outcomes, it also risks ecosystem fragmentation. But across all of DeFi, we must continue to iterate to improve the experience for both new and long-time users.

---

*Uniswap is encouraging users to go onchain and explore L2s as part of #ScalingSummer. To join our educational quests, click [here](https://layer3.xyz/quests/swap-on-optimism-using-uniswap-wallet).*

Learn more about Uniswap's activity on Optimism as part of our ongoing series on the Uniswap wallet and L2s.

Scaling Summer: Spotlight on Optimism

The [Uniswap Protocol](https://blog.uniswap.org/what-is-uniswap) is a vital crypto infrastructure for millions of swappers, offering deep liquidity to support over $1.6 trillion in trading volume. [Uniswap v4](https://blog.uniswap.org/uniswap-v4) is the latest evolution of the Protocol. Developers can build custom AMM features on top of Uniswap using [hooks](https://twitter.com/Uniswap/status/1669425061156081665).

One hook we're excited about is the time-weighted average market maker ([TWAMM](https://github.com/Uniswap/v4-periphery/blob/main/contracts/hooks/examples/TWAMM.sol)), a new type of swap that reduces the price impact of larger orders by breaking them into small pieces over time.

# What is the TWAMM hook?
[TWAMM](https://www.paradigm.xyz/2021/07/twamm) gets swappers better prices by splitting a large single swap order into smaller ones that steadily execute over time. These smaller swaps are less likely to move the market price.
## How it works
In Uniswap v4, each pool can insert hooks that run at various points of a pool action's lifecycle. These hooks are smart contracts distinct from the core v4 liquidity contract. Orders are deposited into the TWAMM hook, and the user sets the duration they want their order to execute over. These two parameters instruct the TWAMM hook to swap at the price of each block until the expiration.

TWAMM orders are always the first pool action in a block, meaning they happen before any swaps or LP positions are adjusted. The first time someone swaps or LPs in a block, the pool will first check whether the TWAMM orders have been fulfilled. If there are any open TWAMM orders, the TWAMM hook will settle those orders before continuing on to complete any swaps or LP transactions before repeating the process with the next block. Executing TWAMM orders as the first pool action in the block protects users from frontrunning MEV.

![image2](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/1BgI7XExy0srK4xYrMuB1h/2d46f3c2c87145ae91de97867cd5f795/image2.png)
<center><a href="https://www.paradigm.xyz/2021/07/twamm#infinitesimal-virtual-orders">Source</a></center>

# TWAMM pool use cases
A TWAMM liquidity pool is a major unlock for swappers. Any order that does not need to be executed immediately benefits from the TWAMM hook saving on price impact and MEV.

Whether it’s a swapper moving large volumes or a DAO converting its treasury, large swaps leak a lot of value that swappers miss out on. TWAMM pools can smooth out their price curve by breaking up the swap.
## Recurring investments
The TWAMM hook is great for longer-term investors who want "set it and forget it" recurring investments. Also known as dollar-cost average (DCA) is a popular trading strategy for passive buyers to invest the same amount at regular intervals. The steady cadence of investments offsets daily market volatility by averaging the purchases over time.

Say Alice wants to regularly buy $1,000 of ETH per month. She could split that into $1,000 a month, $250 a week, or $33 a day. Or $5,000 over five months. The TWAMM hook is a "set it and forget it" pool that can do exactly that.

With the TWAMM hook, Alice can deposit $1,000 into the pool contract and tell it to swap those funds over the span of a month. The TWAMM pool will execute a proportional swap every block until that month ends, even better than once daily.
## A DAO converting its treasury
DAOs buy and sell large quantities of cryptocurrencies to diversify and manage their treasury risk, like when [ENS DAO](https://www.theblock.co/post/209222/ens-dao-votes-to-sell-16-5-million-of-eth-for-usdc-via-cow-swap) sold $16.5M of ETH for USDC.

Onchain markets can't easily absorb large volumes without impacting price and inviting MEV, which results in poor execution. If Alice's DAO sold $10M of ETH for USDC, it might increase the price by 0.61%, costing her $60,000. To avoid "leaking" value like this through large orders, DAOs might work with [trading desks](https://snapshot.org/#/gitcoindao.eth/proposal/0x0eb45cfd31ddd2701af3d74ce38a9e87292fe42a6b40b26812ff9889b07daeb3) who break big orders into smaller ones.

The TWAMM hook can let DAOs market sell large portions of their treasuries. If Alice's DAO can split their order over time, they could sell smaller quantities of tokens until the date they set, letting the market smoothly adjust to thousands of swaps instead of doing it in one go. Using the TWAMM hooks, the DAO's $10M order can execute at every block for the next 30 days.

The particular hook design we created also protected Alice's DAO from frontrunning. By design, TWAMM executions are guaranteed to be the first pool action in each block. She cannot be frontrun because her order happens before any other pool swaps can settle.

---
To learn more about the TWAMM hook, you can look at our sample implementation on [Github](https://github.com/Uniswap/v4-periphery/blob/main/contracts/hooks/examples/TWAMM.sol). You can read about v4 in our [whitepaper](https://github.com/Uniswap/v4-core/blob/main/whitepaper-v4-draft.pdf), check out our [code](https://github.com/Uniswap/v4-core/tree/main), consider [contributing](https://github.com/Uniswap/v4-core/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md), and connect with the Labs team and other devs on [Discord](https://discord.com/invite/FCfyBSbCU5). Uniswap v4 and the TWAMM hook are still being developed. The final specs may vary.

This example TWAMM Uniswap v4 hook can reduce the price impact on larger trades by splitting them into smaller transactions that execute over time.

Uniswap v4 TWAMM Hook

Every Uniswap Labs onsite has its range of activities, from team bonding to workshops to presentations. But everyone’s favorite part is the hackathon, and this summer was no different.

Fueled by pizza, limited sleep, and furious debugging, sixteen projects emerged from the 24-hour hackathon, ranging from an NFT photo booth to a complex MEV hook on Uniswap v4. Out of all the hackathon projects, only one could win the ⭐🦄Golden Unicorn ⭐🦄.

![IMG 1030 (1)](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/4l79OcbYaaP9fodI6kIEI5/c7fc474f74329b5589fc3d52bb4ac27f/IMG_1030__1_.jpg)
# S.O.N.A.R.
What happens when you put a Uniswap Labs protocol engineer and researcher in the same room? [Math blogs](https://blog.uniswap.org/uniswap-v3-math-primer-2). And also a useful tool for calculating liquidity depth in Uniswap v3 and v4 pools. SONAR, an acronym for Serious Onchain No-bullshit Amount Renderer, calculates the market depth for an asset's liquidity within a specific price range. You can ask questions like how much USDC can I buy without moving the price more than 1%? SONAR has use cases for lending protocol risk management, routing heuristics, and onchain market liquidity comparisons.

> [Github Repo](https://github.com/aadams/marketdepth)

# Unisnap

In a first for a Uniswap hackathon, the Unisnap team brought the hardware. Unisnap is a true-to-life NFT photobooth --- a crazy idea with an equally dramatic story involving a smashed car window, heavy machinery, and a U-Haul.

Unisnap was a two-part project. One team, decked out in safety gear, brought out the chop saw to construct the photobooth's wooden frame. The other team hacked together the software that let anyone scan their [Uniswap wallet](https://wallet.uniswap.org/) using [UwU Link](https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/pull/7253), snap a pic on an iPad, and mint it as an NFT. Unisnap was definitely a crowd favorite.

![image2](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/72B0gzfuTp7aQPIx4Td43k/e49bdf351ec945887ed2f8cffef450a3/image2.png)

# Backrunning hooks

With Uniswap v4 fresh in everyone's mind after our recent [announcement](https://blog.uniswap.org/uniswap-v4), our cracked team of interns designed a hook that captures arbitrage after a swap and distributes profits back to the LPs instead of to backrunning MEV arbitrageurs. The project's implementation uses the `afterSwap` hook to execute a flashswap between three Uniswap pools to profit off the arbitrage, then distributes the profits among LPs or swappers.

> [Github Repo](https://github.com/emmaguo13/backrunning-hook/tree/main)

# TicketBlaster

Finally, we have our  ⭐🦄Golden Unicorn ⭐🦄 winners.

Ticketing is ripe for disruption with the string of scams, scandals, and scalpers. Blockchain and NFTs unlock ownership of digital assets and let people exchange them in open and fair markets. The Ticketblaster team built an end-to-end NFT ticketing system that venues can use alongside the Uniswap mobile wallet. Fans can use their Uniswap wallet to display a QR code for their NFT tickets, which they can sign in-app to prove ownership. The venue system can scan the QR code, verify ownership, and mark attendance on the backend.

> [Github Repo](https://github.com/Uniswap/ticketblaster)

# Other hacks
![image4](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/3qSBU3gSpZD7354XyM5Svh/182cc123a4fd0245d13be973d7f5c954/image4.jpg)

We've highlighted just a few projects above, but there were many more:
- __User-defined privacy controls__: Lets users set their privacy stances on ENS and makes it easy for apps to fetch those policies.
- __UniATM__: Convert physical dollar bills to stablecoins with the Uniswap wallet.
- __Hooks Registry__: A fork of [Token Lists](https://tokenlists.org/), a community-led initiative to improve discoverability, reputation, and trust in Uniswap v4 hooks.
- __Meme in your pocket__: A Uniswap wallet feature that displays a glowing green or fiery red unicorn horn, depending on how your portfolio is doing that day.
- __TokenAlert__: Customizable token price alert push notifications on the Uniswap mobile wallet.
- __Uniswap Pink__: A premium subscription for the Uniswap wallet to personalize it with custom themes and communities.
- __Shadowy Super Team__: Reducing production cost, increasing development speed, and having greater backend flexibility by using a backend monorepo with [SST](https://sst.dev).
- __Governance Attack__: A financial game based on governance voting.
- __Puzzle__: A puzzle game for onchain rewards and promotion.
- __Clippy Corn__: A clippy-like chatbot on the Uniswap app. Using the ChatGPT DaVinci model, the chatbot trained on Uniswap help center articles to help users.
- __Stedding__: Onchain allowlist for safe web domains.
- __Curvature__: Musings on the curvature of AMMs.

Uniswap Labs team members spent 24 hours hacking in-person. Out of the sixteen projects, only one can win the Golden Unicorn.

Uniswap Labs Company Hackathon

<center>Part 1 of a series on using L2s with the <a href="https://wallet.uniswap.org/">Uniswap app</a></center>

Scalability is an important property of blockchains. It measures how many transactions a blockchain can process, how quickly, and how cheaply. You've likely experienced scaling limitations --- paying high gas fees or waiting for your swap to execute.

Years of hard work researching different scaling solutions have laid the foundation for a thriving ecosystem of applications, users, and activity on these networks. This summer, Ethereum scaling solutions have exploded in popularity and usage. After years of research and development, Ethereum has a thriving ecosystem of Layer 2 (L2) networks, applications, and users.

The Uniswap Protocol is deployed across a variety of different chains and the [Uniswap app](https://wallet.uniswap.org/) currently supports 4 chains in addition to mainnet with more coming. Today we're going to dig into Arbitrum -- which was launched in 2021 by the Offchain Labs team and was the first L2 to deploy the Uniswap Protocol.

Uniswap is the [leading liquidity protocol](https://defillama.com/dexs/chains/arbitrum) on Arbitrum, processing over 50% of all swapping volume in the past 7 days at $675M. These swaps can be up to 22x [cheaper](https://l2fees.info/) on Arbitrum than mainnet, making Arbitrum a popular destination for inexpensive onchain activity. The Uniswap app makes it easy for swappers to fund their wallets directly on Arbitrum with our fiat-on-ramp.

![image1](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/2lSlQeLwWVC6s3z7V2RYHb/783c03249c87b5d58e3a02940ff835df/image1.png)
<center><a href="https://defillama.com/dexs/uniswap">Daily Uniswap volume on Arbitrum</a></center>

[Arbitrum One](https://portal.arbitrum.io/?chains=arbitrum-one) is an Optimistic rollup and is the Arbitrum crypto ecosystem's flagship chain with over [150,000 daily active users](https://tokenterminal.com/terminal/projects/arbitrum) (DAUs) -- a 5x increase between 2022 and 2023. It derives its execution finality from the Ethereum mainnet by posting data to the Ethereum mainnet. This data is used to verify that the transactions on Arbitrum have been processed correctly.

Offchain Labs has also shipped [Arbitrum Nova](https://portal.arbitrum.io/?chains=arbitrum-nova), the first AnyTrust chain on mainnet that shares the same codebase as Arbitrum One, but does not rely on Ethereum for execution finality and allows for higher throughput and lower transaction fees. This makes it a powerful technology for social and gaming use cases. [Arbitrum Orbit](https://arbitrum.foundation/orbit) is a permissionless solution to deploy a fully customized Layer 3 chain that settles to one of Arbitrum's public L2 chains, like Arbitrum One or Nova.

While Arbitrum has seen significant user growth, it's still far less than the[ 313,000 DAUs on mainnet](https://tokenterminal.com/terminal/projects/ethereum) -- underscoring one of the biggest hurdles facing Arbitrum and all L2s is adoption. To help developers to integrate with L2s on the back end, the Offchain Labs team is working on [Stylus](https://offchain.medium.com/hello-stylus-6b18fecc3a22) to let developers deploy programs in their preferred languages, like Rust, C, and C++, alongside Solidity on Arbitrum.

But the backend is only half the battle. We need a better UX, like the Uniswap app. The app's's fiat-on-ramp will onboard new users directly to various L2s including Arbitrum, skipping the confusing process of onramping to a CEX and then bridging to Arbitrum. Once they're on Arbitrum, the Uniswap app's WalletConnect feature will let them connect and swap on Arbitrum without having to switch networks. With the [Uniswap app](https://wallet.uniswap.org/), users have the perfect tool to explore the Arbitrum ecosystem.

---

*Uniswap is encouraging users to go onchain and explore L2s as part of #ScalingSummer. To join our educational quests, click [here](https://twitter.com/Uniswap/status/1691175948186701824).*

Learn more about Uniswap activity on Arbitrum as part of our ongoing series on the Uniswap wallet and L2s.

Scaling Summer: Spotlight on Arbitrum

Ethereum's scaling solutions have captured everyone's attention this summer. Optimism's Bedrock update lays the groundwork for custom scaling networks. Polygon 2.0 unifies all Polygon protocols. The Boojum upgrade lowers the hardware barrier to help secure zkSync. And, of course, Base launched! Around the world, developers, hackers, and researchers are pouring hundreds of hours into the same problem: What's the best way to scale Ethereum?

Projects and developers are preparing crypto for the next wave of user adoption. Now that we have cheap transactions and the speed to compete with traditional financial rails, the crypto-curious will spend more time on Optimism, Arbitrum, Base, and Polygon than Ethereum itself.

For the next few weeks, we'll explore each of these chains, including some onchain activities and prizes. We'll learn about the technology, popular applications, and community using the [Uniswap app.](https://wallet.uniswap.org/)

# How scaling solutions help Ethereum
Scalability is an important property of blockchains. It measures how many transactions a blockchain can process, how quickly, and how cheaply. You've likely experienced scaling limitations --- paying high gas fees or waiting for your swap to execute.

Years of hard work researching different [scaling solutions](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/scaling/) have laid the foundation for a thriving ecosystem of applications, users, and activity on these networks. Together, Ethereum scaling solutions have made the crypto UX much [cheaper](https://l2fees.info/) and [faster](https://l2beat.com/scaling/activity), processing hundreds of millions in [daily volume](https://defillama.com/chains).

Currently, most scaling solutions are implemented as [rollups](https://www.coindesk.com/learn/what-are-rollups-zk-rollups-and-optimistic-rollups-explained/). These rollups increase transaction throughput by producing faster blocks, bundling these transactions, and then sharing them with the Ethereum mainnet -- all while sharing Ethereum's security properties.

You can think of rollups like opening a tab. Instead of paying for items you order individually, you can bundle your purchases and pay for them all at once when you close out your tab. A rollup is like a tab. It bundles multiple transactions at once. When it's time to close out, you settle your bill with the restaurant's payment processor, just like rollups settle their transactions on the Ethereum network. Optimism, Arbitrum, Base, and Polygon 2.0 are examples of rollups.

# Exploring Polygon, Optimism, Base, and Arbitrum
Scaling solutions are a key part of Ethereum's [future](https://ethereum-magicians.org/t/a-rollup-centric-ethereum-roadmap/4698). Getting familiar with them will upskill your onchain experience --- and we can help. This summer, we'll deep dive into Arbitrum, Polygon, Base, and Optimism and partner with these projects to help you better understand and navigate this space. We'll see how easy it is to use the Uniswap app and play with these scaling networks at low costs with the simplicity you've come to expect from Uniswap.

To get started, download the [Uniswap app](https://wallet.uniswap.org/) and follow us on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/uniswap) for more updates!

It’s Scaling Summer at Uniswap. Join us as we go onchain with Polygon, Arbitrumn, Optimism, and Base.

What Scaling Ethereum Means For you

*By [Sara Reynolds](https://twitter.com/saraareynolds) and [Zach Pomerantz](https://github.com/zzmp)*

A safe swapping experience must balance security and speed. Token approvals are a great example of this tradeoff. Self-custody lets users specify who has permission to move funds from their wallets, but sending a token approval transaction takes time and costs gas. To improve this process and lower the number of clicks to swap, we released the [Permit2](https://github.com/Uniswap/permit2/) smart contract [last year](https://blog.uniswap.org/permit2-and-universal-router).

Instead of signing a token approval for each new smart contract, Permit2 allows token approvals to be shared and managed across different contracts, creating a more unified, cost-efficient, and safer UX. Permit2 is already improving Uniswap's product UX, but it was designed for anyone to use.

This guide will show you how. In it, we will:

- Set up a sample demo contract to call the `AllowanceTransfer` function
- Use Permit2 to permit and transfer funds
- Construct Permit2 signatures on a frontend using the Permit2 SDK

![image2](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/WEj84srnjtuCZaBvyw9hm/c5db1ef9f5a1c86018d972542805404a/image2.png)

# What can Permit2 do
Permit2 is a token approval contract that iterates on existing token approval mechanisms by introducing signature-based approvals and transfers for any ERC20 token, regardless of [EIP-2612](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612) support.

For each token, users have to submit a one-time traditional approval that sets Permit2 as an approved spender. Contracts that integrate with Permit2 can "borrow" the spender status for any token a user has approved on the canonical [Permit2 contract](https://etherscan.io/address/0x000000000022D473030F116dDEE9F6B43aC78BA3). Any integrated contract can temporarily become a spender with a signed offchain Permit2 message. This effectively "shares" the one-time traditional token approval and skips the individual approval transaction for every protocol that supports Permit2 -- until the Permit2 message expires. It's a major UX upgrade with additional safety bumpers like expiring approvals and the lockdown [feature](https://github.com/Uniswap/permit2/#features).

![image1](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/4SCDyYzjU6dzde1vaVxm5i/fb9205624a14ba86f21809f244ee210f/image1.jpg)

Permit2's design gives us a few helpful features. The full list of features can be found in our [readme](https://github.com/Uniswap/permit2/tree/main), but notably:

1. **Permits for any token**. Applications can have a single transaction flow by sending a signature along with the transaction data for any token, including those not supporting a native `permit` method.
2. **Expiring approvals**. Approvals can be time-bound, removing security concerns around hanging approvals on a wallet's entire token balance. Revoking approvals do not necessarily have to be a new transaction.
3. **Signature-based transfers**. Users can bypass setting allowances entirely by releasing tokens to a permissioned spender through a one-time signature.
4. **Batch approvals and transfers**. Users can set approvals on multiple tokens or execute multiple transfers with one transaction.
5. **Batch revoking allowances**. Remove allowances on any number of tokens and spenders in one transaction.

Permit2 benefits greatly from network effects. As more teams integrate with Permit2, we'll begin to see network effects. So how do we do it?

# How to accept Permit2 signatures in your contract
For app developers, Permit2 is an incredibly useful way to create a simpler, less expensive, and safer UX that your users will appreciate. In this guide, we’ll write a contract that integrates with Permit2 to make use of this new meta-transaction approval system.

### AllowanceTransfer
The `AllowanceTransfer` [contract](https://github.com/Uniswap/permit2/blob/main/src/AllowanceTransfer.sol) shares and manages approvals with other spenders using a time-bounded expiry. It's functionally similar to traditional token approvals, handling allowances, transfers, and approval expiries. This style of approval works best if your application needs to access and transfer tokens frequently. With allowance transfer style approvals, an approved amount and expiry are set and saved in storage for each permitted spender. This allows the spender to transfer tokens as needed up until the spending limit is reached or until the approval expires.

### SignatureTransfer
The `SignatureTransfer` [contract](https://github.com/Uniswap/permit2/blob/main/src/SignatureTransfer.sol) introduces one-time permits for token transfers. Spenders are permitted to transfer tokens, but only in the same transaction where the signature is spent. To transfer funds again, you would need to request this signature again. The signature transfer method is great for applications that infrequently need tokens from users and want to ensure tighter restrictions on approvals. Persistent limits and expiries are not stored and never leave "hanging approvals." SignatureTransfer also lets you do a more advanced integration with Permit2 through permitWitnessTransferFrom, which we plan to detail in a later blog post.

Depending on the type of approval you need for your application, your contract will need to call one of these functions --- though these are not the only callable functions in Permit2:

- [permit](https://github.com/Uniswap/permit2/blob/main/src/AllowanceTransfer.sol#LL33C15-L33C15)
- [permitTransferFrom](https://github.com/Uniswap/permit2/blob/main/src/SignatureTransfer.sol#L22)
- [permitWitnessTransferFrom](https://github.com/Uniswap/permit2/blob/main/src/SignatureTransfer.sol#L32)

## Setting up your contract
In this example, we'll write a contract to use the allowance transfer style approval on Permit2. We'll assume that a user has already set a token approval to let Permit2 be a spender.

Since the `permit` entrypoint we want lives in the `AllowanceTransfer` contract, we'll first create our `Demo` contract to use the `IAllowanceTransfer` [interface](https://github.com/Uniswap/permit2/blob/main/src/interfaces/IAllowanceTransfer.sol) exposed in Permit2. In your constructor, you can pass the [Permit2 address](https://etherscan.io/address/0x000000000022D473030F116dDEE9F6B43aC78BA3) and save it as an immutable value. Permit2 is deployed to the [same address](https://etherscan.io/address/0x000000000022D473030F116dDEE9F6B43aC78BA3) across mainnet, Ethereum, Optimism, Arbitrum, Polygon, and Celo.

```solidity
import {IAllowanceTransfer} from "Permit2/src/interfaces/IAllowanceTransfer.sol";

   contract Demo {
   IAllowanceTransfer public immutable permit2;

   constructor(address _permit2) {
       permit2 = IAllowanceTransfer(_permit2);
   }
}
```

## Calling permit
Now that you've initialized with the canonical Permit2 contract, your contract can set an approval by calling `permit`. This `permit` [function](https://github.com/Uniswap/permit2/blob/main/src/AllowanceTransfer.sol#L33) has a few parameters.

```solidity
function permit(address owner, IAllowanceTransfer.PermitSingle memory permitSingle, bytes calldata signature) external
```

To call `permit` we need the owner's address, their signature, and the `PermitSingle` information. [PermitSingle](https://github.com/Uniswap/permit2/blob/main/src/interfaces/IAllowanceTransfer.sol#L57) is a struct that holds the `permit` information that has been signed by the user. Before Permit2 can let our demo contract be a spender, it has to verify the user with their signature and `PermitSingle` data.

To call `permit`, we can create a `permitThroughPermit2` function that will pass these parameters through. Later on, we will see how the application frontend requests and constructs the `PermitSingle`.

```solidity
   function permitThroughPermit2(PermitSingle calldata permitSingle, bytes calldata signature) public {
       permit2.permit(msg.sender, permitSingle, signature);
   }
```

By passing `msg.sender` for the `owner` variable, we’re requiring that the caller of the function is also the one who signed the `PermitSingle` information. That’s one less parameter we need to collect for `permitThroughPermit2`.

Before we allow a contract to transfer a user’s tokens using the Permit2 approvals, we need to check that our demo contract is set to be spender. This checks if a user has called this function. If so, then we know we have spending permissions on our contract. We can add a custom error, `InvalidSpender`, and write a check that enforces that signatures passed through `permitThroughtPermit2` construct our demo contract address as the spender.

Our function now looks something like this:

```solidity
   function permitThroughPermit2(PermitSingle calldata permitSingle, bytes calldata signature) public {
       if (permitSingle.spender != address(this)) revert InvalidSpender();
       permit2.permit(msg.sender, permitSingle, signature);
   }
```

## Transferring tokens
Permit2 uses a persistent mapping based design. This design stores token approvals information set by the user like the spender, amount, and expiration. Because this information is stored, this approval will last until the `permitSingle.permitDetails.expiration`. Until that timestamp, our demo contract can transfer the funds up to the allowance. Let’s write another function to send funds to this contract by calling the `transferFrom` [function](https://github.com/Uniswap/permit2/blob/main/src/AllowanceTransfer.sol#L59) in Permit2.

```solidity
function transferToMe(address token, uint160 amount) public {
       permit2.transferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), amount, token);
	// ...Do cool stuff ...
   }
```

By passing in `msg.sender`, we ensure that only the approved user can trigger this function to send some amount of a desired token from the sender to the demo contract. If this was instead a parameter that we pass in, then anyone could trigger the function pulling the funds from the user. After calling this function, our demo contract now has tokens that they can swap, deposit into a lending protocol, or do anything else with.

You may have noticed that `permit` and `transferFrom` are two separate entry points in our contract. If left like this, it would mean that the user has to initiate two transactions to get their tokens with any contract that is integrated with Permit2. We can instead combine the `permit` and `transferFrom` calls into one entrypoint:

```solidity
   function permitAndTransferToMe(IAllowanceTransfer.PermitSingle calldata permitSingle, bytes calldata signature, uint160 amount) public {

       if (permitSingle.spender != address(this)) revert InvalidSpender();
       permit2.permit(msg.sender, permitSingle, signature);
       permit2.transferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), amount, permitSingle.details.token);
       //...Do cooler stuff ...
   }
```

If our demo contract is approved through a `permit` for longer than a single transaction, we do not need to pass in a signature each time to call `transferFrom` and pull tokens.

We used `AllowanceTransfer` as our entrypoint. `SignatureAllowance` lets us do the same thing, but the approval would not last beyond the single transaction. We could use the  `permitTransferFrom` and `permitWitnessTransferFrom` functions to ensure even tighter restrictions at the expense of greater transaction costs.

# How to construct Permit2 signatures on the frontend
To integrate Permit2 on the frontend we will be using the [Permit2 SDK](https://github.com/Uniswap/permit2-sdk). We'll be calling into our demo contract, using `permitAndTransferToMe`.

First, in order to get the signature for a `PermitSingle`, you'll need the next valid nonce, which you can get using the SDK.

```javascript
import { AllowanceProvider, PERMIT2_ADDRESS } from '@uniswap/Permit2-sdk'

const allowanceProvider = new AllowanceProvider(ethersProvider, PERMIT2_ADDRESS)
const { amount: permitAmount, expiration, nonce } = allowanceProvider.getAllowanceData(user, token, ROUTER_ADDRESS);

// You may also check amount/expiration here to see if you are already permitted -
// you may not need to generate a new signature.
```

Once you have that, you can construct the `PermitSingle` object which we’ll need to pass as our first parameter. This object is defined by the SDK as a typed interface to ensure it matches the contract’s struct. To construct it, we’ll need a few things:
- The address of the token
- The maximum amount of the token that will be permitted to be transferred
- The deadline after which the `permit` will no longer be valid. At Uniswap Labs, we use 30 days.
- The address of the spender that will be permitted to transfer funds on behalf of the user

These are the same input variables that our demo contract sends to the Permit2 contract.

```javascript
import { MaxAllowanceTransferAmount, PermitSingle } from '@uniswap/Permit2-sdk'

const PERMIT_EXPIRATION = ms`30d`
const PERMIT_SIG_EXPIRATION = ms`30m`

/**
* Converts an expiration (in milliseconds) to a deadline (in seconds) suitable for the EVM.
* Permit2 expresses expirations as deadlines, but JavaScript usually uses milliseconds,
* so this is provided as a convenience function.
*/
function toDeadline(expiration: number): number {
return Math.floor((Date.now() + expiration) / 1000)
}

const permitSingle: PermitSingle = {
details: {
token: tokenAddress,
amount: MaxAllowanceTransferAmount,
// You may set your own deadline - we use 30 days.
expiration: toDeadline(/* 30 days= */ 1000 * 60 * 60 * 24 * 30),
nonce,
},
spender: spenderAddress,
// You may set your own deadline - we use 30 minutes.
sigDeadline: toDeadline(/* 30 minutes= */ 1000 * 60 * 60 * 30),
}
```

Now that you have your `PermitSingle` object you can pass it to the SDK to get back [typed data](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712#definition-of-typed-structured-data-%F0%9D%95%8A) for the user to sign, using `AllowanceTransfer.getPermitData`. This takes the `PermitSingle`, the address off the Permit2 contract on the chain, and the chain ID and returns typed data that you can pass directly to a library like `ethers` to request the user's signature.

```javascript
import { AllowanceTransfer, PERMIT2_ADDRESS } from '@uniswap/Permit2-sdk'

const { domain, types, values } = AllowanceTransfer.getPermitData(permitSingle, PERMIT2_ADDRESS, chainId)

// We use an ethers signer to sign this data:
const signature = await provider.getSigner().signTypedData(domain, types, value)

// This assumes ethers@6. Our web app uses ethers@5, and we've run into a few cross-wallet compatibility issues, so we actually sign using a helper method: https://github.com/Uniswap/conedison/blob/6fdf4baf13a799ca6d37f6d3222f9194e1750007/src/provider/signing.ts#L32.
```

You should get a `signature` back from `ethers`, which you can pass onto other methods which use it. For another example, check out how we [pass ours to the Universal Router](https://github.com/Uniswap/interface/blob/ec547ab100f793d127246186d5fd60786758a862/src/hooks/useUniversalRouter.ts#L63-L67).

Finally, we'll instantiate our contract using `ethers`, and use it to call `permitAndTransferToMe`.

```javascript
import { Contract } from ‘ethers’

// We only need to provide the ABI that we will use.
const demoAbi = [
‘function permitAndTransferToMe(PermitSingle calldata permitSingle, bytes calldata signature, uint160 amount)’,
]
const demoContract = new Contract(demoContractAddress, demoAbi, provider.getSigner())

await demoContract.permitAndTransferToMe(permitSingle, signature, amount)
```

# Conclusion
You made it to the end! While it may initially seem daunting, we hope this blog makes it easier. And remember to check out the [Permit2 code](https://github.com/Uniswap/permit2), our [SDK](https://github.com/uniswap/permit2-sdk), and [docs](https://docs.uniswap.org/contracts/permit2/overview) for more.

This guide will show you how to call the AllowanceTransfer function using Permit2 and construct a signature on a front end using the Permit2 SDK.

How to Integrate with Permit2

*By [Hayden Adams](https://twitter.com/haydenzadams)*

<Video source="//videos.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/3SN8tbp56itxOPSeqHc58v/fd306eb3414951e8a008652d32e1b3f3/UniswapX_Launch_Video_-_Compressed.mp4" description="UniswapX Launch Video"/>

Since the first version of the Uniswap Protocol launched in 2018, onchain trading has exploded to support millions of users, hundreds of use cases, and $1.5 trillion of trading volume on Uniswap alone.

To grow onchain trading and improve self-custody swapping, we're excited to announce a new permissionless, open source (GPL), Dutch auction-based protocol for trading across AMMs and other liquidity sources.

Today, we're rolling out an opt-in beta for the protocol on the Uniswap Labs interface, available for Ethereum Mainnet and expanding to other chains and the Uniswap app in the future. You can review the code [here](https://github.com/Uniswap/UniswapX) and read the full whitepaper [here](https://uniswap.org/whitepaper-uniswapx.pdf).

Over time, UniswapX will improve swapping in several ways:

- Better prices by aggregating liquidity sources
- Gas-free swapping
- Protection against MEV (Maximal Extractable Value)
- No cost for failed transactions
- And in the coming months, UniswapX will expand to gas-free cross-chain swaps.

# Next-level aggregation
Onchain routing is an increasingly important and complex problem. Innovations in onchain trading have led to an explosion of liquidity pools. New fee tiers, new L2s, and more onchain protocols fragment liquidity. And we expect thousands more customized pool designs will be built on Uniswap v4, making routing even more challenging. But as liquidity sources grow, continuing to offer competitive prices requires manual integration and significant ongoing maintenance and effort.

UniswapX aims to address this by outsourcing routing complexity to an open network of third-party fillers who then compete to fill swaps using onchain liquidity like AMM pools or their own private inventory.

With UniswapX, swappers will be able to use the Uniswap interface without worrying whether they're getting the best price and transactions will always be transparently recorded and settled onchain. All orders are backstopped by the Uniswap Smart Order Router, which forces fillers to compete with Uniswap v1, v2, v3 and, once it launches, v4. Check out examples of how UniswapX can work for users [here](https://support.uniswap.org/hc/en-us/articles/17542712707725).

![UniswapX Swap Flow Diagram](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/1osBxZJZivIvy4ccqMoFIt/1e9d37087bdb7ea7eef50538ab47185c/UniswapX-blog__1_.png)
# Gas-free swapping — and no cost for failed swaps
With UniswapX, swappers sign a unique offchain order, which is then submitted onchain by fillers who pay gas on swappers' behalf. Because swappers don't have to pay gas, they don't need a chain's native network token (e.g. ETH, MATIC) to trade or pay anything for a failed transaction. Fillers price the gas fee into the swap price, but can lower transaction costs by batching multiple orders to compete for the best price.

*Users still need to pay gas under specific circumstances, such as for the initial token approval of Permit2. Additionally, native network tokens need to be wrapped when selling, which costs gas.*
# MEV protection
MEV is one of the biggest issues facing onchain swapping today, resulting in worse prices for swappers.

With UniswapX, MEV that would be left on the table to be captured by an arbitrage transaction is instead returned to swappers through improved prices. UniswapX also helps users avoid more explicitly extractive forms of MEV: orders executed with fillers’ inventory cannot be sandwiched, and fillers are incentivized to use private transaction relays when routing orders to onchain liquidity venues.
# Next: UniswapX goes X-chain
Later this year, we'll launch a cross-chain version of UniswapX that combines swapping and bridging into one seamless action. With cross-chain UniswapX, swappers will be able to swap between chains in seconds. Swappers can also choose which assets they receive on the destination chain, instead of a bridge-specific token. More detail on cross-chain UniswapX's design and benefits are available in the [whitepaper](https://uniswap.org/whitepaper-uniswapx.pdf).
# Launching UniswapX on the Uniswap Labs’ interface
UniswapX brings ideas and models from across DeFi and digital markets to a new system, built with the same principles of security, self-custody, and community that have made Uniswap the most trusted brand in DeFi.

UniswapX is an immutable smart contract built to be fully permissionless. No one, including Uniswap Labs, can modify or pause the contract. The earliest fillers are standing by to ensure appropriate auction starting prices and quick order execution, and we expect the filler network will expand quickly with user adoption. To join that ecosystem as it develops, click [here](https://docs.uniswap.org/contracts/uniswapx/overview).

Consistent with our commitment to security, ABDK extensively tested and [audited](https://github.com/Uniswap/UniswapX/tree/main/audit) the code, and we're offering a [bug bounty](https://uniswap.org/bug-bounty). Swappers always maintain self-custody of their funds. Assets are only transferred out of their accounts once the order is executed and they've received proceeds from their trade.

Just like the Uniswap Protocol, UniswapX contains a protocol fee switch that can only be activated by Uniswap Governance (Uniswap Labs doesn't participate in that process).

We're incredibly excited for this next chapter. You can stay up to date via [Twitter](https://twitter.com/uniswap), [Discord](https://discord.gg/FCfyBSbCU5), and our [blog](https://blog.uniswap.org/).

UniswapX is a permissionless protocol for aggregating all sources of liquidity for onchain trading with gas free swaps, MEV protection, more liquidity, and better prices.

Introducing the UniswapX Protocol

Learn how to get a crypto wallet with our step-by-step beginner’s guide.

How to Get a Crypto Wallet: A Step-by-Step Guide | Uniswap

Part 1 focused on Q notation, ticks, and exchange rates. Part 2 of this math series focuses on virtual liquidity, calculating LP positions, and uncollected fees.

A Primer on Uniswap v3 Math Part 2: Stay Awake by Reading it Aloud

*By [Hayden Adams](https://twitter.com/haydenzadams)*

<Video source="//videos.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/31gTeffwIKqR7UXpSEwllQ/008fba522093defb918b9123d74869ab/Final_-_Blog_.mp4" description="Uniswap v4 Announcement Video" />

Two years ago, we released [Uniswap v3](https://blog.uniswap.org/uniswap-v3), a watershed moment for onchain liquidity and DeFi. Today, the Uniswap Protocol is the largest decentralized exchange protocol, processing over $1.5 trillion in trading volume. As public infrastructure, it's a vital part of the crypto ecosystem.

As technology and markets evolve, so must the Uniswap Protocol. That's why we're thrilled to introduce our vision for Uniswap v4, which we believe will open up a world of possibilities for how liquidity is created and how tokens are traded onchain.

We are releasing the draft code now so that v4 can be built in public, with open feedback and meaningful community contribution. We expect this will be a months-long process. You can read the open-sourced, early version of the Uniswap v4 [core](https://github.com/Uniswap/v4-core) and [periphery](https://github.com/Uniswap/v4-periphery) repositories, read the draft technical [whitepaper here](https://github.com/Uniswap/v4-core/blob/main/docs/whitepaper-v4.pdf), and learn more about how to [contribute here](https://github.com/Uniswap/v4-core/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md).

Uniswap v3 took a powerful, opinionated approach to liquidity provision, balancing an incredibly complex tradeoff space. New features come at the expense of higher fees and code complexity.  For example, v3 enshrined oracles, allowing builders to integrate real-time, onchain pricing data, but at the expense of some increased costs for swappers.

Our vision with Uniswap v4 is to allow anyone to make these tradeoff decisions through the introduction of "hooks." Hooks are contracts that run at various points of a pool action's lifecycle. Pools can make the same tradeoffs as v3, or they can add totally new functionality. For example, v4 will allow pools that natively support dynamic fees, add onchain limit orders, or act as a time-weighted average market maker (TWAMM) to spread out large orders over time.

Along with this customization, Uniswap v4's architecture reduces costs and ensures efficiency. It introduces a new "singleton" contract, where all pools live within a single smart contract. We believe the combination of hooks and singleton architecture creates an incredibly powerful platform ⸺ fast, safe pool customization and efficient routing across many pools. Uniswap v4 brings fast, expressive AMM innovation within one powerful ecosystem.

# What is Uniswap v4

## Hooks & custom pools
Each Uniswap liquidity pool has a lifecycle. During a pool’s lifecycle, several things happen. A pool is created with a default fee tier. Liquidity is added, removed, or readjusted. And, of course, users swap tokens. In Uniswap v3, these lifecycle events are tightly coupled and executed in a very strict sequence.

To create room for customizable liquidity in Uniswap v4, we want to create a way for pool deployers to introduce code that performs a designated action at key points throughout the pool’s lifecycle – like before or after a swap, or before or after an LP position is changed.

Enter hooks, which are plugins to customize how pools, swaps, fees, and LP positions interact. Developers can innovate on top of the Uniswap Protocol’s liquidity and security to create customized AMM pools through hooks that integrate with v4’s smart contracts.

Some experiments we’re excited about include:
- A time-weighted average market maker ([TWAMM](https://www.paradigm.xyz/2021/07/twamm))
- Dynamic fees based on volatility or other inputs
- Onchain limit orders
- Depositing out-of-range liquidity into lending protocols
- Customized onchain oracles, such as geomean oracles
- Autocompounded LP fees back into the LP positions
- Internalized MEV profits are distributed back to LPs

But really, the sky's the limit. Because each pool is now defined by more than just the tokens and fee tier, we'll see pools of all colors, shapes, and sizes. Uniswap v4’s core logic, like v3, is non-upgradeable. While each pool can use its own hook smart contract, hooks can be limited to only specific permissions determined at pool creation. 

We’ve created sample hook contracts to start to understand the current framework [here](https://github.com/Uniswap/v4-periphery/tree/main/contracts/hooks/examples). We expect developers to think of new and interesting ways to build features we haven’t even thought of yet. 

![313](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/4uGCTtanHSxuojh3Qj7y4p/e782249279ce96a75dcb53be129eb3a8/313.jpg)

## Improved architecture and gas savings
In Uniswap v3, we deploy a new contract for every pool, making creating pools and performing multi-pool swaps more expensive. In v4, we hold all the pools in one singleton contract, which will provide important gas savings because swaps will no longer need to transfer tokens between pools held in different contracts. Early estimates show that v4 reduces pool creation gas costs by 99%. Hooks introduce a world with endless options and singleton allows you to efficiently route across all of them.

This singleton architecture is complemented by a new "flash accounting" system. Instead of transferring assets in and out of pools at the end of every swap in v3, this system transfers only on net balances -- meaning a far more efficient system that provides additional gas savings in Uniswap v4.

We believe the best design for flash accounting uses "transient storage," which would be enabled by [EIP-1153](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1153). This EIP is being considered as part of the Ethereum Cancun hardfork and will bring even bigger gas improvements and cleaner contract designs across a wide variety of applications.

With the efficiency of singleton and flash accounting, fee tiers no longer need to be limited. Pool creators can set them at the level that makes them most competitive or customize them with a dynamic fee hook. v4 also brings back support for native ETH, which offers additional gas savings.

![Chart (1)](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/4z47smfdLSiXwlOu1siZXm/56f8fcb7e615fb9b6e1bad30ebbc701b/Chart__1_.jpg)

# License and Governance
As always, we strongly believe that core financial infrastructure should be open and transparent. We also believe that the Uniswap community — the people and teams that support, use, and build on the Protocol — should govern v4 of the Protocol, just as they govern prior versions.

The code will be released under a Business Source License 1.1, which limits the use of the v4 source code in a commercial or production setting for up to four years, at which point it will convert to a GPL license into perpetuity. Like v3, Uniswap Governance and Uniswap Labs can grant exceptions to the license.

The Protocol fee mechanism will also be modeled after v3. Governance will be able to vote to add a Protocol fee to any pool, up to a capped amount. More details on the fee mechanism can be found in [the whitepaper](https://github.com/Uniswap/v4-core/blob/main/docs/whitepaper-v4.pdf).

All about our vision for Uniswap v4 and why we're building in public.

Our Vision for Uniswap v4

By [Jason Milionis](https://twitter.com/jason_of_cs), [Austin Adams](https://twitter.com/AustinAdams10), and [Xin Wan](https://twitter.com/xin__wan)

Read the full paper [here](https://uniswap.org/flair.pdf).

The Uniswap Protocol, which has processed $1.5 trillion in lifetime volume since its release in 2018, has pioneered the field of automated market makers (AMMs), serving as a cornerstone of decentralized finance (DeFi). One of the hallmarks of AMMs is that anyone can create a market for any token and provide liquidity without permission – ensuring an equal playing field among all market participants.

The success of these AMMs depends critically on the participation of liquidity providers (LPs), who provide liquidity in exchange for trading fees. Today, we are publishing new research to propose a new metric, fee liquidity-adjusted instantaneous returns (FLAIR), to account for LP competitiveness.
Fee Liquidity-Adjusted Instantaneous Returns (FLAIR)
Economically rational LPs will consider the cost and benefit of being an LP. The benefits can be quantified through trading fees. Costs are a bit more difficult. In addition to general market risk, LPs must also consider how sophisticated their counterparty is. If a trader has better market information than an LP, the LP risks being on the wrong side of the trade and losing money. One popular metric to measure LP performance is loss-versus-rebalancing (LVR), which quantifies the information imbalance between LPs and their counterparties. However, LVR does not factor in a critical component of AMMs: the intra-pool competitiveness over other LPs that are in the same pool.

FLAIR is a new metric for LP competitiveness that supplements LVR, aiming to capture the dynamic behavior of LPs within a pool. FLAIR reflects reasonable economic intuition that LPs increase competition within pools by allocating capital to pools with higher fee returns, rebalancing in-range liquidity, and timing liquidity deployment to high fee periods. In short, LPs that frequently rebalance will earn more fees on average — a factor that is measured with FLAIR.
![flair_plot](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/1smX3THF9TEfj4p99yigZB/2f6c36fa22e3d5295576be67e344c426/plot__1_.png)

*Figure 1: Current models would equate the green and blue pools with low costs (LVR). However, FLAIR separates these by LP competitiveness, showing an important second dimension.*

FLAIR is designed to measure any number of LP positions over an arbitrary period of time, including a single point-in-time. This metric allows both existing LPs to measure historical performance and prospective LPs to optimize future capital deployments with backtests. Researchers can also categorize different strategies and LPs based on their placement on the quadrant plot shown in Figure 1. Solving for the “optimal frontier” will be a portfolio optimization problem.

# Conclusion

FLAIR is not specific to Uniswap v2 and v3 style pools, but is described in our work as a generic formula for most typical cases of AMMs. With some modifications, it can also apply to traditional exchanges – allowing for comparative studies between different market structures and influencing future market designs.

The DeFi landscape is constantly evolving as liquidity provisioning strategies grow increasingly sophisticated. We are excited about this future, and our contribution provides a more holistic view of LP performance. We invite interested readers to consult the [full paper](https://uniswap.org/flair.pdf) for a more detailed understanding.


New research introduces FLAIR, a metric to calculate LP performance that includes LPs competing for trading fees within the same pool.

A Metric to Evaluate LP Competitiveness in AMMs

# What is Uniswap? A Complete Guide
The Uniswap Protocol is the largest decentralized exchange for swapping cryptocurrency tokens on Ethereum and other popular blockchains. Launched in 2018, it is the world's largest and most popular decentralized exchange, with over $1.5 trillion in trading volume and 250 million swaps.

As of today, the Uniswap Protocol is the fifth largest application on Ethereum with over $4 billion in total value locked (TVL). The protocol consistently does billions in weekly trading volume and is the most popular decentralized exchange by volume on Ethereum mainnet, Polygon, Arbitrum, and Optimism.

Hayden Adams created the Uniswap Protocol in 2018 and later founded Uniswap Labs, which has built the largest marketplace for onchain digital assets such as cryptocurrency tokens and NFTs. Uniswap Lab's suite of tools includes:

* [The Uniswap Web App](https://app.uniswap.org/): The most popular way to swap on the Uniswap Protocol
* [Uniswap App](https://wallet.uniswap.org/): A mobile app to purchase, send, and swap cryptocurrencies and explore NFTs
* [Uniswap NFT Aggregator](https://app.uniswap.org/#/nfts): A marketplace to explore, buy, and sell NFTs at better prices

No single entity or company controls the Uniswap Protocol. It is governed by [UNI](https://blog.uniswap.org/uni) token holders and stewarded by the [Uniswap Foundation](https://www.uniswapfoundation.org/).

# What is the Uniswap Protocol? The decentralized exchange built on Ethereum

The Uniswap Protocol is a decentralized marketplace to swap cryptocurrencies on the Ethereum blockchain. It exists as a set of persistent, non-upgradable smart contracts. That means that no one controls the codebase. The Uniswap Protocol's code cannot be changed or modified and will run as long as the blockchain is functional, even if Uniswap Labs disappears tomorrow.  Anyone can deploy the Uniswap Protocol contracts on any blockchain. The Uniswap Protocol is already on several blockchains, like Ethereum, Polygon, Arbitrum, Optimism, Binance Smart Chain, and Celo.

People use the Uniswap Protocol primarily for two reasons:

**Swapping**. The Uniswap Protocol is a decentralized exchange (DEX). Unlike traditional exchanges, decentralized exchanges are unique because they allow users to swap tokens without third parties facilitating the transaction or taking control of funds. Swapping on the Uniswap is completely self-custodial, which means you always retain control of your assets — and no third party can take or misuse your funds.

**Providing Liquidity**. Liquidity refers to how much of an asset is available to trade. The Uniswap Protocol relies on third parties to supply liquidity. These liquidity providers (LPs) are users who deposit tokens into a liquidity pool to provide liquidity for a particular token pair that swappers can trade with. In return for providing liquidity, LPs earn trading fees generated by the pool. Anyone can become a liquidity provider, a transformative change to participating in financial markets.

The Uniswap Protocol is [open-sourced](https://github.com/Uniswap/v3-core/), meaning that the code is publicly viewable for anyone to see.
# How does Uniswap work? Understanding automated market makers (AMM)
Unlike traditional order book exchanges where a buy order is matched to a sell order, Uniswap uses an automated market maker (AMM) system. AMMs use a mathematical algorithm to determine the price based on the supply of the asset, which removes the friction of having centralized middlemen and allows for an efficient way to buy and sell digital assets. There is no bidding or order book, just the price based on how much liquidity is available. When users want to make a swap, they input the amount of cryptocurrency they want to swap in and receive a number of tokens in exchange. All of this is done on the blockchain.

The Uniswap Protocol uses a constant product formula to determine the price of an asset. When a token is withdrawn (bought) from a pool, a proportional amount must be deposited (sold) to maintain the constant. The ratio of tokens in the pool, in combination with the constant product formula, ultimately determines the price of a token.

The constant product formula that the Uniswap Protocol uses is:

<Latex displayMode={true}>$ x \star y = k $ </Latex>

Where

* **X** = Reserve of the first token
* **Y** = Reserve of the second token

The total amount of both tokens should always balance out so that **K** experiences no change.

For example, if a liquidity pool has 10 ETH and 1000 USDC, the product of the two balances would be 10,000. If a user buys 1 ETH from the pool with USDC, the new balance would be 9 ETH and 1111.11 USDC, keeping the product of the two balances constant at 10,000.

The constant product market maker algorithm uses this formula to determine the price of each token in the pool based on the ratio of the two token balances. The price of a token in the pool is simply the ratio of the two token balances. In the above example, the price of ETH in terms of USDC would be 111.11 USDC after the swap.

![Graph (1)](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/5Su2EgjbYa5oyr274KWxMI/c1bbc67c8ba2053769e8546459e30fa0/Graph__1_.jpg)

The Uniswap Protocol has four versions:

* [Uniswap V1](https://twitter.com/haydenzadams/status/1058376395108376577) was the first version of the Uniswap decentralized exchange protocol, launched in November 2018. It was a revolutionary concept in decentralized exchanges, quickly gaining popularity in the cryptocurrency community. Uniswap v1 was the first DEX to natively pair tokens against ETH, the native token for Ethereum, letting users swap against the most popular token.

* [Uniswap v2](https://blog.uniswap.org/uniswap-v2) launched in May 2020 and brought many upgrades to the Uniswap Protocol. Users could now trade any Ethererum-based (or ERC-20) token for any other ERC-20 token rather than just trading against ETH. Uniswap v2 greatly increased the protocol's flexibility and allowed for a broader range of trades.

* [Uniswap v3](https://blog.uniswap.org/uniswap-v3) is the current version of the protocol. Released in May 2021, Uniswap v3 introduced concentrated liquidity whereby liquidity providers could now choose specific price ranges rather than providing liquidity across the entire price range. This meant that LPs could concentrate their capital on a specific price range, allocating their capital more efficiently.

* [Uniswap v4](https://blog.uniswap.org/uniswap-v4) is currently being built in public with contributions from the broader Uniswap community. It has not been deployed yet. The goal with v4 is to make liquidity pools more customizable and to lower gas costs.

Read more about the history of Uniswap [here](https://blog.uniswap.org/uniswap-history).

# The benefits of Uniswap: decentralization, liquidity, and accessibility
Decentralized exchanges (DEXs) like the Uniswap Protocol offer several benefits over traditional centralized exchanges (CEXs). Key benefits include decentralization, self custody, transparency, improved liquidity, and greater accessibility.

**Decentralization and Self-Custodial**: One of the Uniswap Protocol's main benefits is that it is decentralized. Unlike centralized entities that operate CEXs, the Uniswap Protocol operates on a decentralized network, with no single entity controlling the exchange. Decentralization has two main advantages. (1) The smart contracts that make the Uniswap Protocol cannot be changed once deployed, meaning no one can change the rules. (2) Funds are completely self-custodial. You always remain in control of your assets. No third party can take or misuse them.

**Transparency**: DEXs are significantly more transparent than other exchanges. Not only is all the code open source and publicly available, but the Uniswap Protocol operates on public blockchains where all transactions and smart contract interactions are recorded on a transparent and immutable ledger. Anyone can access and verify these transactions, ensuring transparency and accountability.

**[Improved liquidity for cheaper swaps](https://blog.uniswap.org/uniswap-v3-dominance)**: The Uniswap Protocol can offer improved liquidity over CEXs. By allowing anyone to create and provide liquidity to a pool, the Uniswap Protocol can tap into liquidity from retail users without relying on traditional market makers or order books, making swaps cheaper.

**Greater accessibility**: Another benefit of the Uniswap Protocol is greater accessibility. Anyone can trade any token or create a market for any token. In this way, DEXs are more accessible to a wider range of users, including those who may not have access to traditional banking services.

# How to use Uniswap
Anyone can swap on the Uniswap Protocol. One of the easiest ways to do this is on the [Uniswap web app](https://app.uniswap.org/).
### Step 1: Go to the Uniswap Web App
Navigate to [app.uniswap.org](https://app.uniswap.org/#/swap). This web app is hosted and maintained by Uniswap Labs. It is one of the most popular ways to exchange with the Uniswap Protocol.
### Step 2: Connect your wallet
To start using Uniswap, you'll need to connect your Ethereum wallet to the platform. Uniswap supports a range of wallets, including the Uniswap Wallet, Metamask, Coinbase Wallet, and WalletConnect.

If you do not have a wallet, you can learn more about wallets [here](https://support.uniswap.org/hc/en-us/articles/8699353449229-What-is-a-crypto-wallet-) and download the Uniswap mobile wallet [here](https://wallet.uniswap.org/)!

Once you've connected your wallet, you can choose which network to swap, like Ethereum, Polygon, Arbitrum, Optimism, or others.
### Step 3: Choose the tokens you want to trade
Once you've connected your wallet, you can choose the tokens you want to trade. You can select from a wide range of tokens, either by navigating to the [token details page](https://app.uniswap.org/#/tokens/), or entering the token directly. As always, do your own research when trading tokens.

![image1(1)](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/6zUN0dm1vFirh7MxBZ0pPY/8a608eb2f42a08fc272ce76655e21ed2/image1_1_.jpg)

Select the 'Select a token' icon and browse the list to find your token. You can also search by token name or token contract address.

![image6](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/5fa8K1Q79SKlk1CmcdbPt0/1abc83f6ca516cf0220906cb6a6c7c84/image6.jpg)

### Step 4: Enter the amount you want to trade
Once you've chosen the tokens you want to trade, you can enter the amount you want to trade. You can buy or sell one token for another based on the current exchange rate. Additionally, you'll see a network fee, which is the gas cost you can expect to pay to perform the swap. If you are unfamiliar with gas fees, please read [this](https://support.uniswap.org/hc/en-us/articles/8672184917005-How-is-a-network-fee-determined-).

![image5](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/5fYrpLdvPFWFCSZWQNX0F7/3ea8b8b68193a4b36ace44b883b64647/image5.jpg)
### Step 5: Review and confirm your swap
After you've entered the amount you want to trade, the Uniswap [auto router](https://blog.uniswap.org/auto-router-v2) finds the best price and automatically calculates the amount of the other token you'll receive. You'll then need to confirm the trade by clicking "Swap" and approving the Ethereum wallet transaction.

![image4](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/11x6WDMxZlNh9rqvvB9KGe/7b1e719f6e97d9338d1d526cb0e3f41e/image4__1_.png)

If this is your wallet's first time trading this token with the Uniswap Protocol, you need to approve the token first. This additional approval is an extra layer of security to protect your funds. Read about approval transactions [here](https://support.uniswap.org/hc/en-us/articles/8120520483085-What-is-an-approval-transaction-).
### Step 6: Wait for the transaction to be processed
After confirming your trade, you'll need to wait for the Ethereum network to process the transaction. Swaps are often completed within seconds but can take longer if the network is busy.
# Frequently Asked Questions About Uniswap
### What is Uniswap Labs?
Uniswap Labs is a company that develops software products that work on top of the Uniswap Protocol. Uniswap Labs was founded by Hayden Adams, who developed the Uniswap Protocol. Uniswap Labs builds and maintains products like the [Uniswap web app](https://app.uniswap.org/), [NFT aggregator](https://app.uniswap.org/#/nfts), and [Uniswap mobile wallet](https://wallet.uniswap.org/).
### What is the UNI token?
The UNI token is the Uniswap Protocol's governance token. The Uniswap Protocol is not controlled by a single entity, but rather a community of individuals and organizations is responsible for stewarding the world's biggest AMM protocol. Users and organizations that hold UNI can use it to vote on decisions related to the Protocol. 
### Is Uniswap safe?
The Uniswap Protocol is one of crypto's safest and most secure protocols. The protocol has processed over $1.5 trillion in trading volume over hundreds of millions of transactions without incident. All contracts have been [audited](https://github.com/Uniswap/v3-core/tree/main/audits) by world-class professional security teams.
### Does Uniswap charge fees?
Uniswap Labs does not charge fees to use its platform. But swappers do pay two types of fees: (1) Network Fee and (2) LP Fees

* **Network Fees**: Every transaction on the Ethereum blockchain requires a network fee, also known as a gas fee. Validators use their own computers to verify and process transactions instead of relying on a central authority. In return, validators are compensated through network fees. Network fees are determined by the supply and demand of block space. When there is a lot of traffic on a network (high volume of transactions), the network fee is higher. When there is low traffic on the network (low volume of transactions), the network fee is lower. You can also swap on Layer 2 chains, which are built on top of Ethereum and have lower costs. 
* **LP Fees**: LP fees are split between liquidity providers within a specific pool as compensation for providing liquidity. These fees can range between 0.05% to 1%. This money goes directly to individual LPs and not to Uniswap Labs.
# How to get started with Uniswap
We have several resources to help you get started with the Uniswap Protocol.

* Trade on the [Uniswap web app](https://app.uniswap.org/#/swap)
* Follow up on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/uniswap)
* Explore our [Help Center](https://support.uniswap.org/hc/en-us)
* Chat with [customer support](https://support.uniswap.org/hc/en-us/requests/new)
* Ask questions in our [Discord community](https://discord.gg/FCfyBSbCU5)
* Dig into the [code](https://github.com/Uniswap)
* Read the [docs](https://docs.uniswap.org/)

Learn more about the Uniswap Protocol, an Ethereum based exchange, with our complete guide. Explore more ways to trade crypto on our decentralized protocol.

Uniswap 101: What is Uniswap? | Uniswap Labs

It's Tuesday in New York City. The birds are chirping, the grass is green, and Uniswap Labs is headed to the eighth annual [NY Computer Science Fair](https://www.csfair.nyc/). The NY Computer Science Fair is the state's largest career inspiration event with over 2,000 high school students interested in pursuing a career in computer science.

Before we set up shop, our team gathered in the Uniswap Labs office to ensure we had all the materials for our booth:

*Tablecloth. Check.*

*Computer monitor. Check.*

*300 bags of cotton candy. Check.* 😎

Of the hundreds of companies present, Uniswap Labs was one of only four Web3 companies to attend the fair. Our goal wasn't to recruit any high schoolers - there are only a handful of [t11s's](https://www.paradigm.xyz/team/transmissions11) in the world. We were there to educate and introduce them to Web3.

![File](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/2aYWq3YbGGQgYO1pso9so4/918628719d90c0d90f7c02a6c527844f/File.jpg)

# What’s a blockchain?
Most students who came to our booth had heard the words “crypto” and “NFTs” before but didn’t understand their use cases. Instead of teaching students about elliptic curves, the double spend problem, and byzantine fault tolerance, we focused on the benefits blockchains unlock. 
One example that resonated with students was buying and selling Fortnite skins. Players grind hard to earn items like skins, weapons, and accessories, but cannot buy or sell them without secondary markets. In Web3, players own their digital assets. They can be bought, sold, moved, and traded without asking for permission from anyone else.

# So then, what is Uniswap?
Students were quick to understand the value of digital ownership and exchange. After all, these kids are internet natives. The natural next question was, even if digital assets could be owned, how could they be traded?
We talked a bit about how Uniswap was a marketplace for digital assets. However, unlike centralized marketplaces, we explained how any could create a market for a token without needing permission. Uniswap is built on a blockchain, and blockchains don’t discriminate. They aren’t controlled by anyone and allow you to participate as equals.

# Educating the next generation
Reinventing the financial system to remove intermediaries, increase transparency, and move onchain will require decades of hard work. A long-term approach means recognizing the work doesn’t end with us.

The next generation of developers, designers, writers, and more will go on to create financial, economic, and data infrastructure on the internet. To cultivate that future, we must educate students about how blockchain lays the foundation for a better financial system — one that is inclusive, fair, transparent, and self-custodial.


Uniswap Labs attended the NY Computer Science Fair, where we spoke with high schoolers about crypto, DeFi, NFTs, and more.

Uniswap Labs at the NY Computer Science Fair

At Uniswap Labs, we're building the best products to onboard people directly to DeFi. To do that properly, we need to know what motivates our current and future users. Earlier this year, we surveyed these groups and found that many US-based CeFi users are interested in experimenting with DeFi. However, they would feel more comfortable overcoming the learning curve with educational material, improved UX, and support.

DeFi is an objectively simpler, more accessible tech stack for financial markets. DeFi is transparent, self-custodial, and runs on publicly verifiable code instead of middlemen who oftentimes are more interested in profits than consumers. However, DeFi is as unfamiliar to the average person as the internet was in the 1990s. Bridging to L2s feels like dial-up networking and exploring Etherscan parallels surfing the web before search engines.

As AOL did with the early web, centralized finance (CeFi) platforms often offer content and onboarding that helps beginners feel more comfortable exploring crypto. But these CeFi products still suffer from the same lack of accountability and transparency that plagues the legacy financial system. FTX, Celsius, and Voyager are all examples of centralized custodians that wiped out customer deposits and prompted a [major uptick](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-11-18/billions-of-dollars-flee-ftx-woe-to-crypto-s-decentralized-roots#xj4y7vzkg) in DeFi usage.

Uniswap Labs builds products to onboard people [directly to DeFi](https://blog.uniswap.org/uniswap-mobile-wallet-release). To do that, we want to better understand current and future users. So, we conducted a large survey of US retail users, segmented into non-crypto, CeFi, and DeFi users

- __DeFi users__ traded via a wallet or DeFi trading platform in the last 12 months

- __CeFi users__ bought, held, or sold crypto in the last 12 months

- __Hybrid users__ include both CeFi and DeFi users

- __Non-crypto__ users did neither

We received 1,860 responses whose demographics closely reflected US Census Demographics.

These are our biggest takeaways.

![image3](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/7kSv6FS2HtfninSUiSrl38/f5900bbf1f5323dd68dc7ef876b986f9/image3.png)

# CeFi users are excited to experiment with DeFi
Our most encouraging finding was that, despite the backdrop of a bear market, nearly half of surveyed CeFi users were motivated to experiment with DeFi protocols in the next 12 months. 

We asked CeFi users, “*What would be the main reasons you’d trade on a decentralized cryptocurrency platform over the next 12 months.*”

![image4](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/2vVzltfklU7vA2iYQBUOWz/2cf56e41c9bff0187e9ec1a870138e7d/image4.png)

CeFi users are willing and eager to learn and explore the possibilities of onchain activity. Experimenting can mean using a self-custodial wallet, swapping on Uniswap, or minting an NFT. These activities, which can seem routine to many of us, are imbued with excitement and novelty for first-time users.

Building for this group means focusing on UX and thinking about the first steps as a gateway into the broader crypto ecosystem.

# CeFi users see complexity and cost as barriers

If CeFi users are willing to experiment, what’s stopping them? Our survey shows their main concerns are complexity, lack of understanding, and costs as barriers to using DeFi.

We asked, “*What are the main reasons you don’t use decentralized cryptocurrency platforms for all your cryptocurrency trades?*”

![image1](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/3XVYaARkZZB3STnHmDN3m/2bc6d436ecd1968d54a329e52b2e5c95/image1.png)

Concerns about the complexity of DeFi aren’t new but underscore the need to build with the user experience front of mind. Products must focus on designing applications that simplify and abstract complexity unique to crypto, like switching between chains, key management, and reading onchain data. At Uniswap Labs, we refuse to compromise on the ideals of self-custody and transparency.

Transaction fees and costs were also notable barriers to entry. As Ethereum continues to scale and L2s see greater adoption, DeFi will become more economically accessible for these price-sensitive users.

# Improved support will boost comfort with DeFi
If complexity was a major concern, we asked what we could do to reduce complexity for these CeFi users. They cited “Better educational resources” and “Increased user support” as improvements that would increase willingness among CeFi users to trade on DeFi platforms.

We asked, “*What would increase your willingness to trade cryptocurrency on decentralized platforms over the next 12 months.*”

![image2](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/3IDrUZdRe5e3ga0zs17jTT/819d9676dce2e18f5ab4708ad50c7356/image2.png)

Products that target this CeFi segment have already invested in these educational resources. At Uniswap Labs, we’ve assembled one of the few customer support teams in crypto — and one of the best. The entire industry now must work to help educate users about how to use DeFi and the benefits of self-custody. These resources can have a measurable impact in helping users build their knowledge base and grow their confidence.

# Conclusion
At Uniswap Labs, we're building useful tools for crypto-native and crypto-curious users, whether using a [wallet](https://blog.uniswap.org/uniswap-mobile-wallet-release), [purchasing crypto](https://blog.uniswap.org/web-fiat-on-ramp), [swapping tokens](https://blog.uniswap.org/safety-simplicity-uniswap-marketplace), or [buying NFTs](https://blog.uniswap.org/uniswap-nft-aggregator-announcement). Surveys like these help us better understand who our customers are and how we build for them in the future. We hope these findings can help other builders in crypto, too.

Uniswap Labs surveyed US-based CeFi users and found that many are interested in DeFi but need better educational resources, improved UX, and support.

Going from CeFi to DeFi

A few months ago, a new channel appeared in the Uniswap Labs Slack server. The excitement was palpable as engineers attending [ETHTokyo 2023](https://ethglobal.com/events/tokyo) trickled in. Emojis and reactions flew across the screen while some employees exclusively joined to disclose their FOMO.

Still months out from the hackathon, the team started brainstorming on projects. Proposals ranged from onchain poker with zero-knowledge proofs and ChatGPT transaction parsers to protocol hacks like exploring blob data with EIP4844 and sponsoring bundled transactions with EIP4337.

As April rolled around, Uniswap Labs engineers boarded flights to Tokyo. Schedules were packed with hacking, side events, sightseeing, and birthday celebrations. Amidst all the activity, they shipped two hackathon projects and won the Ethereum Foundation’s `Best Account Abstraction` rewards.

![eng at tokyo](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/52x2ox6yKgDwZG6gNj8feD/48010aaab188fda23b450453db83e8f5/IMG_8206__2_.jpg)
<div align="center">
 
 (◡ ꒳ ◡)
 
</div>

# Enthusiasm for Ethereum in Japan
Since 2017, most [ETHGlobal hackathons](https://ethglobal.com/events/hackathons) have been in The Americas or Europe. ETHTokyo was one of the few events in East Asia and the first in Japan. It was a [massive success](https://twitter.com/ETHGlobal/status/1648330540833972227). Over 1,000 hackers attended the event with 30% new to the Web3 scene.

Despite the backdrop of a bear market, attendees were excited to hack on new ideas. The two most prominent themes at ETHTokyo were account abstraction and ChatGPT/AI-inspired projects.

# ETHTokyo 2023 hackathon projects

## Project 1: UwU Link
Team: [Tina](https://twitter.com/patagucci_girl), [Daniel](https://twitter.com/dcwj), [Chelsy](https://twitter.com/chelsy_wu), [Mark](https://twitter.com/MarkToda), [Noah](https://twitter.com/NoahZinsmeister)

[UwU Link](https://ethglobal.com/showcase/uwu-link-v9exf) lets users sign transactions without connecting their mobile wallets to an app. Instead, they scan a QR code with a mobile wallet app, initiating a transaction that can be signed directly within the wallet. This eliminates the need for users to go through the cumbersome "Connect Wallet" flow and for creators to build elaborate app sites for one-off projects, such as NFT mints. UwU Link is especially useful for IRL events where codes can be shared in person to collect, mint, or claim digital artifacts.

Watch the [demo](https://ethglobal.com/showcase/uwu-link-v9exf) and try the [MVP](https://uwulink-demo.vercel.app/) yourself and view the [source code](https://github.com/tinaszheng/uwulink-demo). Remember to use a fresh hot wallet like the [Uniswap mobile wallet](https://apps.apple.com/app/apple-store/id6443944476?pt=123625782&ct=Announcement%20Blog&mt=8).

## Project 2: Universal Paymaster
Team: [Eric](https://twitter.com/_ericzhong), [Riley](https://twitter.com/rileydcampbell), [Mark](https://twitter.com/MarkToda), [Sara](https://twitter.com/saraareynolds), [Pote](https://twitter.com/willpote)

_Winner: Ethereum Foundation Best Account Abstraction_

[Universal Paymaster](https://ethglobal.com/showcase/universal-paymaster-a2fyy) is a smart contract that allows anyone to deposit ETH to sponsor transaction fees. Users submit EIP-4337-style transactions that sponsors execute on their behalf. In exchange for paying transaction fees, users compensate sponsors with another token, like USDC or any token the sponsor specifies. For example, Elon Musk could use the Universal Paymaster contract to sponsor Twitter Blue subscriptions paid in DOGE. Sponsors could charge users a premium for this service as well. In addition, the Universal Paymaster allows sponsors to earn yield through automated depositing and rebalancing unused ETH into yield-bearing protocols like Lido, or Aave.

The team went on to win the Ethereum Foundation's Account Abstraction prize due to the crowdfunding mechanic of the paymaster contract. Typical paymaster designs are managed by a single party, but the Universal Paymaster is permissionless for retail, just like the Uniswap Protocol. Dig into more implementation details of Universal Paymaster by brushing up on the [ERC-4337](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-4337) standard and checking out our (very hacky) [repo](https://github.com/marktoda/hackathon-paymaster) here!

Uniswap Labs engineers hacked at ETHTokyo this year and won the Ethereum Foundation’s Account Abstraction reward.

Uniswap Labs at ETHTokyo 2023

A few weeks ago, we [announced](https://blog.uniswap.org/uniswap-mobile-wallet-early-access) the Uniswap [mobile app](https://wallet.uniswap.org/) --- the safest and simplest self-custody wallet in Web3 on iOS and Android. The Uniswap wallet has [grown](https://twitter.com/haydenzadams/status/1653807959024054277) to tens of thousands of swappers as a top wallet in the iOS app store. Feedback has been overwhelmingly positive as people appreciate the friendly design, security, and swap UI.

You need a wallet to do just about anything onchain --- [swap](https://app.uniswap.org/#/swap), [buy NFTs](https://blog.uniswap.org/uniswap-nft-aggregator-announcement), and [purchase crypto](https://blog.uniswap.org/web-fiat-on-ramp). So we wanted to share a few reasons why you'll love using the Uniswap wallet to trade tokens, collect NFTs, and navigate Web3.

# 1. The best swap experience
When it comes to swapping, Uniswap is the [gold standard](https://twitter.com/dhadrien_/status/1646617605124558848). The mobile app brings our swap experience to a native mobile app that feels fast and fresh.

You can trade any token available on Uniswap across multiple chains: Ethereum, Polygon, Optimism, Arbitrum. To trade on an L2 network, simply select an L2 token and the swap form will instantly fetch a quote on that network. The app will authorize the transaction using Face ID or Touch ID and then, once the swap settles onchain, you’ll receive a real-time push notification for the completed swap.

<Video source="//videos.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/62Bv8LZVhW3Dadb9lsQFet/aa60908e17e8f6592bb14743fe4036bc/Swapping_-_Compressed.mp4" description="Swapping on the Uniswap mobile app." />

# 2. Search Web3
You can search for any token, NFT collection, ENS name, or wallet address. It’s the easiest way to discover new wallets and assets. 

Token search displays important information like swapping volume, market cap, and historical price activity. NFT search reveals floor prices, trading volume, and collection details to help you find the perfect NFT. Search lets you explore the activity and assets of another wallet. 

When you find yourself frequently checking a token or wallet, you can favorite it for easy access. The Uniswap mobile app is a great tool for exploring Web3 on the go.

![image2](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/36vXUIcKh3uM8J9knxf9OS/ae99567fd83c01ed2b694785f56a00da/image2.png)

# 3. Explore NFT collections
Uniswap mobile app is the best way to find the perfect NFT.

Not only can you search for NFTs – you can browse every item in a collection. You’ll find the artwork, floor price, and 24hr volume on the collection page. If an NFT catches your eye, you can click in to see the last sale price and current owner. From there you can hop into the owner’s profile to see what other NFTs they own. 

![Untitled (1) (1)](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/7yFDPDhfTiaWH6IPnj5w4H/28a2c42102fa3cf7a6cf06a6ec2ea6cd/Untitled__1___1_.png)

# 4. WalletConnect to multiple apps simultaneously
WalletConnect allows you to connect with other web3 apps in a browser. What makes the Uniswap app unique is that you can connect to multiple apps on different chains at the same time.

In other words, you can use Lido on Ethereum mainnet, Aave on Polygon, and Uniswap on Arbitrum without switching between networks or disconnecting. If you want to disconnect, you can manage all your app connections in the settings page.

<Video source="//videos.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/5Q8IdS7WOFBvu5EybDfbSy/6161d2459cebd18b612bf121c2980879/WalletConnect_Compressed.mp4" description="WalletConnect in the Uniswap app." />

# 5. Spam filtering and safety warnings
There are a lot of tokens out there, but they're not equally reputable or safe. The Uniswap app protects you through spam filters and safety warnings.

By default, Uniswap app applies a spam filter to 'hide' unknown tokens in your portfolio. This is useful to declutter spam airdrops that you didn't purchase and let you focus on the tokens you chose to buy. Don't worry though, you're still in full control and can see every token in your wallet, including spam,  in the 'Hidden' section. You can un-hide those tokens by turning off the 'Unknown tokens' toggle in Settings.

Token [warning labels](https://support.uniswap.org/hc/en-us/articles/8723118437133-What-are-token-warnings-) also help you make safe and informed decisions while trading or browsing tokens. The Uniswap app will label lesser-known tokens with a yellow or red label when appropriate. This is a sign for you to research before trading a token.

***

These five features are just the tip of the iceberg that is the Uniswap mobile app. There's so much left to discover, like the fiat onramp, iCloud backup, [open source repo](https://github.com/Uniswap/wallet), and more.

Get Uniswap in your pocket by downloading it from the [app store](https://apps.apple.com/app/apple-store/id6443944476?pt=123625782&ct=Announcement%20Blog&mt=8), and share your feedback on [Discord](https://discord.gg/FCfyBSbCU5).

People love the Uniswap app. Learn about their favorite features, from the smooth swap experience to NFT collections.

Five Reasons You’ll Love the Uniswap Mobile App


The Uniswap Labs iconic swap page is the first time DeFi "clicks" for many users. [Hundreds of thousands](https://dune.com/wanxin/Uniswap-Interface-Stats/ac7f952e-a755-43ea-b193-1605cdaf4655) of users swap using the Uniswap marketplace weekly, knowing they'll get the assets they're looking for at the right price with swaps that just work.

Recently, we brought our simple and safe swap experience to the [Uniswap mobile app](https://blog.uniswap.org/uniswap-mobile-wallet-release). Try it out yourself on [iOS and Android](https://wallet.uniswap.org/).

Turning the complexities of the Uniswap Protocol into a one-click marketplace for swapping and LPing is no small task. Behind the scenes, Uniswap Labs has built Web3's most popular application to create a simpler and safer experience. Let's see how.

# Swapping with the Uniswap marketplace

## The best swap experience
A well-designed product communicates its purpose at a glance. When it comes to swapping, Uniswap is the gold standard. Our design philosophy is to take the complexities of DeFi and distill them into a simplified user experience.

Our swap experience became so distinctive that we turned it into a [widget](https://blog.uniswap.org/widget) so anyone could embed the Uniswap UI into their app. Since we released it in 2022, the Uniswap Widget has been integrated into major applications like OpenSea, FWB, and others.

![Widget](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/1C8QV88tHwJKzWUYPSfYaL/603320a7bfdc43a5ec8477eed8a6d28e/Widget.gif)

Our swap page includes additional features like the multi-chain network switcher so users can quickly navigate Ethereum, Polygon, Optimism, Arbitrum, and other popular chains. Our recently launched [mini portfolio](https://twitter.com/Uniswap/status/1638579346351824911) lets users see their tokens, NFTs, onchain activity, manage LP positions, and even purchase crypto. Users can now see their portfolio and swap side-by-side, giving them an information-rich experience when they swap!

![MiniPortfolio](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/4WgpbWZIKuF0pliLXl8jAy/aa409bca470820582a05479fd467c55d/MiniPortfolio.jpeg)

## Competitive prices with auto router
Beyond just a sleek design, users get great prices on the Uniswap marketplace. Liquidity in the Uniswap Protocol is split into different pools across v2 and v3. The best price for a swap may not come from one individual pool but from taking bits and pieces from multiple pools.

The Uniswap Labs [auto router](https://blog.uniswap.org/auto-router-v2) finds the best prices by comparing trade routes across v2 and v3 and even accounts for gas to get you the most efficient trade possible.

![Router](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/3ZBAmKSUlJbzI6kDi9cMoe/bf1637bdeffdcfd109a01323a417d85c/Router.jpeg)

## Safe slippage
Most users never encounter [price slippage](https://support.uniswap.org/hc/en-us/articles/8643879653261-What-is-Price-Slippage), but we still have a few safety rails to protect users from lopsided trades, or whether the swap executes at all.

Price slippage is the difference between the price users expect to receive after swapping and what they actually receive based on the total movement of the market after a trade. We automatically calculate the slippage percentage depending on the trade size and gas cost.

If your trade goes through, we can guarantee a minimum number of tokens. If your trade exceeds the slippage percentage, your transaction will automatically fail as a failsafe. For smaller trades, we'll adjust slippage tolerance to improve the chances of the transaction succeeding.

![Slippage](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/5kVFLSGLPr5ZY3GLosXoL/750c57b99ec92be5873c96c6c5cf1419/Slippage.png)

## Token info
The Uniswap Protocol is a permissionless set of smart contracts. Anyone can create a pool with any token. This supports the "long tail" of tokens and explains why the Uniswap Protocol has thousands of tokens to trade.

To contextualize these tokens, each one has its own [token details page](https://app.uniswap.org/#/tokens/ethereum/NATIVE). Each page gives a high-level snapshot with price charts, trading stats, project details, and the ability to swap right there.

As an added layer of security, we've included safety labels for each token to help users understand the risk profile of each token. While these warnings do not endorse or criticize any particular token, they help users make sense of them. You can find the criteria for token warnings in our [Help Center](https://support.uniswap.org/hc/en-us/articles/8723118437133-What-are-token-warnings).

## Secure approvals with Permit2
Every smart contract interaction, like swapping, requires users to approve tokens from their wallets. Uniswap Labs developed [Permit2](https://blog.uniswap.org/permit2-and-universal-router) to share these approvals across applications, so you only need to approve once.

Unifying permissions for any token across multiple applications is a major safety improvement for our users. Permit2 has many other safety and UX [features](https://github.com/Uniswap/permit2) like expiring approvals instead of hanging approvals on a wallet's entire token balance, and batch approvals, transfers, and revokes to reduce the number of clicks each user has to perform.

# Proving liquidity with the Uniswap marketplace
Swapping on Uniswap is powered by permissionless liquidity -- anyone can become a market maker. In contrast to traditional finance, only centralized players and market makers with large amounts of capital can participate. With thousands of LPs, the Uniswap Protocol has the [deepest liquidity](https://blog.uniswap.org/uniswap-v3-dominance) in Web3 on major token pairs.

Just as we've simplified swapping, we've also made it simple and safe to LP. Providing liquidity can confuse new users, but we work to make it possible for anyone. Our liquidity pool interface lets users select fee tiers, price ranges, and deposit amounts.

![LP](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/59J044WwyIFhDJiWA4Y3wG/504dfbc1abc9271c58912bab336d8e2a/LP.gif)

Uniswap Labs automatically configures LP slippage tolerances to protect LPs, who can adjust them as needed. This guarantees a minimum amount of liquidity the LP provides to the pool. 

***

We aim make it easy for anyone to interact with the Uniswap Protocol by focusing on simplicity and safety. We're constantly experimenting with new ways to provide the best UX while maintaining the high standard of security we're known for. If you have any feedback, we'd love to hear from you! Hop in our [Discord](https://discord.gg/FCfyBSbCU5) and let us know how to improve our swap and LP experience.

The Uniswap Labs marketplace lets users swap and LP with the Uniswap Protocol. We’ve built some additional features to make this experience safer and simpler.

Safety and Simplicity with Uniswap

We're excited to announce that you can now go directly to DeFi with the Uniswap mobile app! You can [download it here](https://apps.apple.com/app/apple-store/id6443944476?pt=123625782&ct=Announcement%20Blog&mt=8) in the iOS App Store. (PS, now on [Android](https://blog.uniswap.org/uniswap-wallet-android) too!)

<Video source="//videos.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/2KBRzdKFKccWggi2xBlO4H/a82234fea0770e5e910179ed0bb64e4f/MW__1_.mp4" description="Uniswap App GA Release Video" />

The Uniswap mobile app is the easiest way to trade tokens on the go. Our thousands of early access users love it. Starting today anyone can:
- Seamlessly swap on Mainnet, Polygon, Arbitrum, and Optimism
- Discover top tokens by market cap, price charts, and volume
- Favorite tokens and wallet addresses to stay up to date on trends and activity
- Connect to any app on Mainnet or L2s with WalletConnect
- See NFT details like floor price, owner, and collection description
- Choose your security method with manual or encrypted iCloud backups
- Get notified of any onchain activity with push notifications
- [Buy crypto](https://support.uniswap.org/hc/en-us/categories/11302011603341-Buying-Crypto) using fiat with fees as low as 2.55%, vs. 5% on other popular wallets

![Mobile FOR](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/6OvJvSO5WoYHCncQhIq0DN/83f44584d7067d75955044852c3d9e0c/FOR__1_.png)

# Safe, simple swapping & self-custody
You need a self custodial wallet to do just about anything onchain --- [swap tokens](https://app.uniswap.org/), [buy NFTs](https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-nft-aggregator-announcement), [purchase crypto](https://uniswap.org/blog/web-fiat-on-ramp), or use apps. Self-custody makes DeFi safer and ensures your crypto can't be misused by a centralized party. But too many people get stuck at the starting line. We get thousands of user support tickets from Uniswap Web App users confused by wallets. So, we're proud to bring you a self-custodial wallet that is simple, safe, and easy to use.

As the most trusted team in DeFi, we're obsessed with security. After a thorough [security audit](https://github.com/trailofbits/publications/blob/master/reviews/UniswapMobileWallet-securityreview.pdf) from Trail of Bits, we [open-sourced](https://github.com/Uniswap/wallet) the mobile app so you can review the code yourself.

Creating your wallet should be as easy as creating an email address - now it is with Uniswap mobile app.

# How do I get my app?
Apple approved the app for use globally.

Our early access TestFlight users can head to the [iOS App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/apple-store/id6443944476?pt=123625782&ct=Announcement%20Blog&mt=8) to download the app --- all the information and wallets you've loaded to the TestFlight version will automatically migrate.

Check out our Help Center content if you have questions: 

- [How to create a wallet, import recovery phrases, add new wallets, and more](https://support.uniswap.org/hc/en-us/sections/11302111085709)
- [How to protect my recovery phrase, recover from iCloud, and more](https://support.uniswap.org/hc/en-us/sections/11302223905677)
- [How to swap, bridge to L2s, connect via WalletConnect, and more](https://support.uniswap.org/hc/en-us/sections/11302165059213)

As always, share your feedback with us on [Discord](https://discord.gg/FCfyBSbCU5)!

The Uniswap mobile app is live on the iOS App Store! Download our self-custodial wallet and experience Web3 with simplicity, safety, and security.

Uniswap App is available now

_By [Zach Pomerantz](https://github.com/zzmp)_

The Unix philosophy, popularized in the 1980s, emphasizes breaking down complex software systems into smaller, interchangeable pieces of code that developers can easily reuse. While it may seem like conventional practice today, it was revolutionary when developers were far more focused on monolithic systems. This approach became popular among developers, allowing them to ship better code faster and get new technology into the hands of users without delay.

Web3 applications, which generally exist in a public and open-source ecosystem, have embraced this philosophy to develop software. By sharing useful code across developers and building on emerging standards, Web3 developers create increasingly sophisticated software at a rapid pace. I see this directly with how quickly we can ship code at Uniswap Labs.

In drawing from the Unix philosophy, Web3 developers have been able to work in real time with developing technology to solve challenging problems. This approach has revolutionized how software is built and is a testament to the power of collaboration and shared standards.

# Unix Philosophy and Web Development

The Unix philosophy emerged with the development of the Unix operating system. Later summarized by [Peter H. Salus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_H._Salus), the Unix philosophy was distilled to:
1. Write programs that do one thing and do it well. 
2. Write programs to work together. 
3. Write programs to handle text streams, because that is a universal interface. [^1]

[^1]: I propose modernizing this to “Write programs to handle domain-specific languages.”

These three brief principles result in simpler code that can be easily combined to perform more complex operations. For example, copying and pasting text from one file into another:

```
cat file1.txt | pbcopy
pbpaste > file2.txt
```

 Each CLI command is a tool whose combined inputs and outputs can be piped together for more useful actions. String together enough commands, you can build scripts or create new and reusable tools to perform more sophisticated tasks, elevating the playing field for all developers. From Unix came the POSIX specification, a standard library to maintain compatibility between operating systems. It was a big step that allowed us to focus on our applications without worrying about tasks delegated to these foundational tools, like file system access and permissions.

Fast forward a few decades, and we see the Unix philosophy break new limits. Node.js and its package manager, npm, gives JavaScript developers better tools for more sophisticated software. Instead of coding smaller tasks, npm provides foundational libraries like [left-pad](https://www.npmjs.com/package/left-pad). These allow programs to delegate smaller tasks and keep their application code focused.

When something gets too big, it becomes harder to think through. Design doc reviews often boil down to paring a project to its constituent parts, scoping them, and then building it back up. By treating each constituent as a black box, teams only need to reason about how to “do one thing and do it well”, and not the myriad of requirements necessary for the final product. In this way, every developer is standing on the shoulders of giants.

# Unix Philosophy and Web3
As I learned more about web development and Web3 applications, I realized that this type of development eventually consolidates around open standards. Blockchain code is publicly callable, and developers use this to their advantage by rallying around standards that let them focus on the applications they want to build.

The Request for Comments-style [Ethereum Improvement Proposal](https://eips.ethereum.org/) (EIP) process encourages discussion around new standards and facilitates broader adoption with new foundational libraries. In 2018, Web3 applications did not have a standardized way to connect to user wallets. Each wallet API implementation was slightly different. Writing your own Web3 application meant accounting for how a user's wallet might connect. [EIP-1193](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1193) solved that. The proposed Ethereum Provider JavaScript API introduced basic functionality like connection and request logic between apps and wallets. With a standard API to follow, app developers could spend more time on core functionality and less time accommodating conflicting connection methods.

As with Node.js and npm, each new standard library gives developers a new tool to work more precisely by using them to abstract important logic unrelated to their core application and create more sophisticated software. String together enough of these libraries and developers can unlock powerful new tools.

We built one of these new tools with [Permit2](https://uniswap.org/blog/permit2-and-universal-router). When users interact with a Web3 application, they must give the application permission to send tokens from their wallet. Permit2 allows these approvals to be shared across multiple applications instead of each application requiring its own approval.

But Permit2 was only possible because we built on already-existing standards like ERC-20, ERC-1155, and ERC-712. [ERC-20](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-20) defined the token standard. [ERC-1155](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1155) extended the token standard to "approve" spending by another contract. [ERC-712](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712) extends EIP-1193 with a way for wallets to sign data to verify user permission.

Permit2 extends the ecosystem further by taking a token's approval and a wallet's signatures to prove that a user has permitted it to spend a token across other applications resulting in a more unified, cost-efficient, and safer user experience. In turn, we wanted developers to use Permit2 to manage token access control list functions, so we made it easy for developers to integrate with it.

***

Developers can steadily enhance their capabilities by leveraging existing EIPs and foundational libraries, codifying and abstracting these patterns into even better libraries. Whenever this pattern repeats itself, it elevates the baseline of what is possible, making Web3 an exciting space to work in.

Web3 intrinsically operates in public. We don't just build applications; we create the building blocks with tools and libraries that make them easy to use. I'm excited to participate in this ecosystem by building at Uniswap Labs. If you think you'd like, consider [joining us](https://boards.greenhouse.io/uniswaplabs)!

Uniswap Labs’ front-end engineer draws parallels between the Unix philosophy and Web3 applications, which creates interoperable, extensible, and reusable code, allowing us to ship better code faster.

The Unix Philosophy at Uniswap Labs

The [Uniswap mobile app](https://blog.uniswap.org/uniswap-mobile-wallet-release) is a self-custodial wallet that is simple, safe, and easy to use. Now that it's out, we wanted to give you a behind-the-scenes look at our design principles, why we [open sourced](https://github.com/Uniswap/wallet) it, and how we think about security and privacy.

# Open Source
We open sourced the [Uniswap mobile app](https://github.com/Uniswap/wallet) for a few reasons:
- **Open Source is User Aligned:** Users have a right to choose the product that is best for them. Instead of trusting our claims about security, privacy, and data retention, users should be able to validate these claims by directly viewing the source code. Open source products allow users to evaluate their options to the greatest extent possible.
- **Open Source Builds Trust:** The Uniswap mobile app has been audited by multiple parties, including [Trail of Bits](https://github.com/trailofbits/publications/blob/master/reviews/UniswapMobileWallet-securityreview.pdf). These security reviews build trust in the safety of our products. Open sourcing takes this [one step further](https://dwheeler.com/secure-programs/Secure-Programs-HOWTO/open-source-security.html). By exposing our codebase to the public forum, security researchers can further vet our app.
- **Open Source is Collaborative:** When we started building the app, there weren't many open sourced wallets to learn from. By publishing our code, the Uniswap mobile wallet becomes a reference for other builders.

We've open sourced the entire app, including code that touches private keys, seed phrases, and on-chain data. You can inspect our repo, but some noteworthy code includes [key management](https://github.com/Uniswap/wallet/blob/main/ios/RNEthersRS.swift), [iCloud backup](https://github.com/Uniswap/wallet/blob/main/ios/RNICloudBackupsManager.swift), arbitrary transaction signing using [WalletConnect](https://github.com/Uniswap/wallet/blob/main/src/features/walletConnect/saga.ts#L289), [token swaps](https://github.com/Uniswap/wallet/blob/main/src/features/transactions/swap/swapSaga.ts) on multiple chains, viewing [NFTs](https://github.com/Uniswap/wallet/blob/main/src/components/images/NFTViewer.tsx), and various [UI components](https://github.com/Uniswap/wallet/tree/main/src/components).

# Security
We had two goals that informed the mobile app design principles:
1. Protect the user's wallet from being drained by securely storing and accessing the seed phrase
2. Protect the user from losing wallet access with backup options

### Seed Phrase Storage
Seed phrases and private keys stored on local devices use a combination of [iOS Keychain](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/keychain-data-protection-secb0694df1a/1/web/1) and [Secure Enclave](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/secure-enclave-sec59b0b31ff/web) to maximize security.

Apple built the iOS Keychain as a SQLite database that securely stores secrets, like passwords, certificates, and private keys. Some unique properties of the Keychain include:
- Items are encrypted using two AES-256-GCM keys: A table key and per-row key
- Items never leave your device
- Items cannot be shared between applications
- Items do not sync to the iCloud keychain

Keychain items are encrypted using 256-bit keys stored in Apple's [Secure Enclave](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/security/certificate_key_and_trust_services/keys/protecting_keys_with_the_secure_enclave), a dedicated hardware-based key manager isolated from the main processor.

Decrypting data within the Keychain requires a round trip through the Secure Enclave adding an extra layer of security. If the iOS keychain or application processor is compromised, Uniswap mobile app's keychain items remain encrypted because the encryption key is kept in a hardened hardware module separate from the main processor. iOS Keychain and Secure Enclave are Apple implementations and are not specific to our wallet.

![storage](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/2jxQoIK1lsIIKJtUgCkbsJ/1b62682ce2fdd508747debcdfb3a5084/storage.jpeg)

### Accessing Private Keys & Seed Phrases
The Uniswap mobile app accesses seed phrases and private keys to
1. Display the seed phrase on-screen
2. Create signatures

To display items on-screen, we use a native [UI component](https://github.com/Uniswap/wallet/blob/main/ios/RNEthersRS.swift) written in Swift to fetch and display the seed phrase from the secure iOS Keychain.

The flow for creating signatures is more extensive. When the wallet has a message or transaction to sign, it is sent from React Native to Swift. The wallet's private key is securely fetched from the iOS keychain, and the `ethers-rs-mobile` [library](https://github.com/Uniswap/ethers-rs-mobile) - written in Rust - generates the signature. The valid signature is passed back through Swift and Javascript to execute transactions.

To further protect these sensitive user flows, you can enable biometric authentication via Face ID or Touch ID. Whenever you attempt to view your seed phrase or sign a transaction, you will be prompted to complete biometric authentication.

We compiled the `ethers-rs` [library](https://github.com/gakonst/ethers-rs) written in Rust to an iOS-compatible [version](https://github.com/Uniswap/ethers-rs-mobile) in C++, `ethers-rs-mobile`, giving us performance and security benefits with key derivation and signing functions. While React Native is fantastic for mobile app development, Javascript is susceptible to supply chain attacks from upstream dependencies. The `ethers-rs-mobile` library ensures that wallet seed phrases and private keys never touch Javascript code.

### Backups
All self-custodial wallets come with manual backups, encouraging users to write down their seed phrase for later recovery. But if a user loses their phone without a manual backup, they will lose access to their wallet. That’s why the Uniswap mobile app offers two recovery methods:
1. Manual seed phrase
2. iCloud backup

Users can manually back up their seed phrase by viewing it during the onboarding flow or by revealing it in-app after passing an authentication check. They are encouraged to physically write it down. We strongly recommend Face ID as the strongest authentication treatment.

iCloud recovery is optional but highly recommended for those new to crypto. When a user chooses the iCloud backup,  we require a user password to encrypt the seed phrase before storing it in iCloud. This way, even if a user's iCloud account is compromised their wallet is still protected. 

The seed phrase is locally encrypted using Apple's [AES.GCM](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/cryptokit/aes/gcm) cipher suite with a key derived from the user password using the [Argon2](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc9106/) key derivation function. Even in this flow, sensitive data like the encryption key does not touch Javascript.

![200 (3)](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/2GBU2o1xP4qQburVf3S5jn/aa656e87fe2eae8af15931301e0e8029/200__3_.jpg)

To restore a wallet from iCloud backup, users must be logged into their iCloud account and enter the password they used to encrypt their seed phrase.

![300 (1)](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/4nyzcLAfo5U4h1THRZqrbd/afd5ad4b04afd1dc04fb8119899fe36a/300__1_.jpg)

This additional encryption mechanic maximizes security while still supporting an intuitive and familiar backup experience.

# Privacy
Uniswap Labs **does not** keep any information that allows us to identify individuals. We do not store first name, last name, street address, date of birth, email address, or IP address in any of our products, including our mobile wallet.

Anything we keep is confined to on-chain data and very limited off-chain data like device type and browser version, which allows us to troubleshoot errors and improve products for our users. None of this data is identifiable.

The Uniswap mobile app uses APIs like Infura, OpenSea, Covalent, TRM, and more. Many of these APIs help us serve data to the user, like token prices, NFT data, and on-chain activity. Most requests sent to these APIs are proxied through a Uniswap Labs server that removes and deletes IP addresses. A handful of API calls sent to Infura are direct, which includes IP. We are actively working to obfuscate non-proxied API calls.

# Download the mobile app!
The Uniswap mobile app is live on [iOS and Android](https://wallet.uniswap.org/). You can also learn more about the wallet features in our [announcement post](https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-mobile-wallet-early-access) and dive into the [wallet repo](https://github.com/Uniswap/wallet).

If you have any questions or feedback, please join [Discord](https://discord.gg/FCfyBSbCU5) and ask!

Uniswap engineers give a behind the scenes look at how we built the Uniswap mobile wallet, with a focus on security architecture, open source principles, and privacy considerations.

A Technical Overview of the Uniswap Mobile App

You need a wallet to do just about anything on-chain - [swap](https://app.uniswap.org/), [buy NFTs](https://blog.uniswap.org/uniswap-nft-aggregator-announcement), and [purchase crypto](https://blog.uniswap.org/web-fiat-on-ramp). But too many people get stuck at the starting line. We get thousands of user support tickets from Uniswap Web App users that boil down to confusion about self-custody wallets. Self-custody is a core tenet of DeFi and ensures your crypto can't be misused by a centralized party. So, we're proud to bring you a self-custodial wallet that is simple, safe, and easy to use.

<Video source="//videos.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/7jS48sWP4lCCx2YwJvwPMd/9a7151c576e9db420c86855ae0f5f9a0/ML.mp4" description="Mobile App Early Release" />

Starting today, we're sharing early access so you can:

- Trade tokens directly with the most trusted DeFi protocol
- Seamlessly switch between Mainnet, Polygon, Arbitrum, and Optimism
- Discover top tokens by market cap, price charts, and volume
- Favorite tokens and wallet addresses to stay up to date on trends and activity
- WalletConnect to any app on Mainnet or L2s
- Back up your seed phrase on iCloud or manually
- Get notified when transactions complete - on any device - with push notifications
- And, it's completely [open-sourced](https://github.com/Uniswap/wallet)

The swap experience you know and love now fits in your pocket. Creating your wallet should be as easy as creating an email address -- and now it is with Uniswap mobile app. And now, you can get [Uniswap on Android](https://blog.uniswap.org/uniswap-wallet-android)!

## A self-custody mobile wallet from the most trusted name in DeFi

The Uniswap mobile app is the easiest way to trade tokens on the go. You can check price charts, search for any token, and seamlessly swap on L1 or L2 networks without needing to configure or switch networks! When your transaction completes, you'll receive a push notification in real-time.

![swap (1)](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/NW076mWTtorURlMf8R0hE/942c4f9ed2d7b81a652e33a4d64b883c/swap__1_.png)

Navigating your favorite apps has become easier too! The Uniswap mobile app is the best way to manage your portfolio across Ethereum, Polygon, Arbitrum, and Optimism. Using WalletConnect, you can manage connections to multiple web apps on different networks simultaneously. For example, you can connect to Lido on Mainnet, Aave on Polygon, and Uniswap on Arbitrum without switching networks.

![connect](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/5nLTOXNvPSqhpCN0a2W6RY/5e7ab98afe125a52345027795cb13cfa/connect.png)

To ensure the highest security standard, we worked with Trail of Bits for our [audit](https://github.com/trailofbits/publications/blob/master/reviews/UniswapMobileWallet-securityreview.pdf). Imported and newly created wallets will have their seed phrases and private keys encrypted and stored on devices using Apple's secure enclave, which is excluded from device backups. You can store your seed phrase manually with a paper copy or encrypt and store it on Apple iCloud so that if you lose your phone, your seed phrase is backed up and protected.

![secure](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/615xYkxM8dDevUHs0jSSlb/1ccd08d11d5c49c07f097663231ba545/secure.png)

## Get early access
We'd love to release the Uniswap mobile app for everyone on the App Store, but the best we can offer is early access.

Apple approved our first build in October but rejected the final build just a few days before our December launch. Since then, we've responded to their concerns, answered every question, and reiterated that we are 100% compliant with their [guidelines](https://developer.apple.com/app-store/review/guidelines/). Other self-custody swapping wallets have been approved, but Apple won't green-light our launch and we don't know why. We are stuck in limbo.

So instead of waiting alone, we thought it would be more fun to wait together, with a few thousand [Testflight](https://developer.apple.com/testflight/) users. That means it's functionally the same, safe to use, and can be updated to the App Store version after Apple approves it. We like Apple products -- that's why we built our app for iOS. But this experience has reminded us why we got into building open, accessible technology in the first place.

We'll roll out access codes across community channels and time zones over the next two weeks, starting at ETHDenver. If you're here, come find us at our booth! Follow us on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/uniswap) and [Discord](https://discord.gg/FCfyBSbCU5) to never miss a drop.

We have so many exciting features in store. But we can't deliver it to everyone until Apple gives us the green light. Follow us on Twitter to get TestFlight access links and download the app.

In the meantime, we're working hard to bring the Uniswap app to our users on other platforms. Stay tuned!

***

Helpful links to get started:
- [How to use download via TestFlight](https://support.uniswap.org/hc/en-us/sections/13461737519885)
- [How to create a wallet, import recovery phrases, add new wallets, and more](https://support.uniswap.org/hc/en-us/sections/11302111085709)
- [How to protect my recovery phrase, recover from iCloud, and more](https://support.uniswap.org/hc/en-us/sections/11302223905677)
- [How to swap, bridge to L2s, connect via WalletConnect, and more](https://support.uniswap.org/hc/en-us/sections/11302165059213)

Join our [discord](https://discord.gg/FCfyBSbCU5) to give us your feedback!

The Uniswap mobile app - available for early access - is a self-custodial wallet created by Uniswap Labs to simply and safely swap, store, and use crypto on Mainnet, Optimism, Arbitrum, and Polygon.

Uniswap Mobile App Early Access

Since we launched [NFTs on Uniswap](https://blog.uniswap.org/uniswap-nft-aggregator-announcement), we've been working to create a more unified experience between NFTs and ERC-20s. Starting today, buyers can purchase [NFTs on Uniswap](https://app.uniswap.org/#/nfts) with any ERC20 token and sellers will still receive their listing token.

<Video source="//videos.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/16ZjgzV12p5wTbTO0kQW3D/bf2ef789aa5ffa02546702053f878b5d/PWAT.mp4" description="Pay With Any Token" />

NFTs are typically priced in ETH, but this can present some difficulties:

- Not everyone has enough ETH in their wallet. Swapping an ERC20 into W/ETH solely for purchasing an NFT is an avoidable step.
- Pricing out ETH needed to purchase an NFT and pay for gas can be inexact, leaving behind a dusting of ETH.

This feature is made possible by our new [Universal Router](https://blog.uniswap.org/permit2-and-universal-router) contract, which, for the first time, unifies token and NFT trades into a flexible and gas-optimized swap router. Universal Router finds the most cost-efficient route to trade your inputted ERC20 token for the purchase token, such as ETH, then settles the trade through Opensea's [Seaport](https://opensea.io/blog/announcements/introducing-seaport-protocol/) -- a marketplace protocol for swapping ERC721s and ERC1155s.

Our v1 supports single input tokens --- meaning NFTs can be purchased with one ERC20 token --- and our next release will support multiple input tokens. In other words, today you can purchase two [Froggy Friends](https://app.uniswap.org/#/nfts/collection/0x29652c2e9d3656434bc8133c69258c8d05290f41) with 500 DAI. And soon you'll be able to purchase two Froggy Friends with 0.1 ETH and 275 DAI.

![image](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/5C75sF2pIwko3flQPz8BPV/b94b7a0a2efab21456749ba9456f3257/image.jpeg)

By bringing ERC20s and NFTs closer together, we're exploring what digital ownership and exchange can make possible. We've already seen some projects test these boundaries with projects like [Treasure DAO](https://treasure.lol/) that price their assets exclusively in MAGIC. We expect to see more creative intersections of ERC20s and NFTs in the future.

As projects experiment with pricing digital assets in currencies other than ETH, they can execute those trades [using](https://github.com/Uniswap/universal-router-sdk) Uniswap's Universal Router. Try it out yourself! Head over to [app.uniswap.org/#/nfts](https://app.uniswap.org/#/nfts) and buy an NFT with any ERC20 token.

Pay with any token to buy NFTs on Uniswap!

Buy NFTs with any ERC20 token

_By: [Austin Adams](https://twitter.com/AustinAdams10), [Sara Reynolds](https://twitter.com/saraareynolds), and [Rachel Eichenberger](https://twitter.com/eich4all) [^1]_

[^1]: We thank [Atis Elsts](https://twitter.com/atiselsts) for their comments.

Uniswap Protocol makes swapping simple and accessible, but its math may not be. To help developers building on the Protocol, analysts drawing insights, and researchers studying market activity, let’s dig into a few of the most common technical questions we see.
- What is Q Notation?
- How do I calculate the current exchange rate?
- How do tick and tick spacing relate to sqrtPrice?

[Part 2](https://blog.uniswap.org/uniswap-v3-math-primer-2) focuses on:
- Working with virtual liquidity
- Calculating LP holdings
- Calculating uncollected fees in a position

![figure1 (1)](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/6EXUbqrPBsyeuoiGtEAXuP/c10bb96e4e9cc8e069a5cbf01f11dc6f/figure1__1_.png)


<a href="https://twitter.com/0xKaden/status/1603545440913223682">Source</a>


# What is a Q notation?

If you've ever read the Uniswap v3 code and seen variables that end with X96 or X128, you have come across what we call Q notation. With Uniswap v3 came the heavy usage of the Q notation to represent fractional numbers in [fixed point](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(number_format)) arithmetic. If that seems like word salad to you, then don't worry! 

Long story short, you can convert from Q notation to the “actual value” by dividing by <Latex>$ 2^k $</Latex> where <Latex>$ k $</Latex> is the value after the X. For example, you can convert `sqrtPriceX96` to sqrtPrice by dividing by <Latex> $ 2^&#123;96&#125;$</Latex>

Q notation specifies the parameters of the binary fixed point number format, which allows variables to remain integers, but function similarly to floating point numbers. Variables that must be as precise as possible in Uniswap v3 are represented with a maximum of 256 bits and account both for overflow and potential rounding issues. By using Q notation, the protocol can ensure that granular decimal precision is not lost.

### Code example
```js
// Get sqrtPriceX96 from token reserves
// In scripts that use Javascript, we are limited by the size of numbers with a max of 9007199254740991. Since crypto 
// handles everything in lowest decimal format, We have to use a version of BigNumber, allowing Javascript to handle 
// numbers that are larger than the max.
// Here we use a Pure BigNumber script from EthersJS along with BigNumber itself
// you will also see us use JSBI is a pure-JavaScript implementation of the official ECMAScript BigInt proposal

import { BigNumber } from 'ethers'; // ← used to convert bn object to Ethers BigNumber standard 
import bn from 'bignumber.js' // ← here we use BigNumber pure to give us more control of precision
 // and give access to sqrt function

//bn.config allows us to extend precision of the math in the BigNumber script
bn.config({ EXPONENTIAL_AT: 999999, DECIMAL_PLACES: 40 }) 
function encodePriceSqrt(reserve1, reserve0){
 return BigNumber.from(
 new bn(reserve1.toString()).div(reserve0.toString()).sqrt()
 .multipliedBy(new bn(2).pow(96))
 .integerValue(3)
 .toString()
 )
}

 // reserve1 , reserve0
encodePriceSqrt(1000000000000000000, 1539296453)
```

# How do I calculate the current exchange rate?
One of the first questions people naturally ask in a market is “what is the current price”? For Uniswap v3, the price is quoted as the current exchange from token 0 to token 1 and is found in `sqrtPriceX96`. 

Uniswap v3 shows the current price of the pool in `slot0`. `slot0` is where most of the commonly accessed values are stored, making it a good starting point for data collection. You can get the price from two places; either from the `sqrtPriceX96` or calculating the price from the pool `tick` value[^2]. Using `sqrtPriceX96` should be preferred over calculating the price from the current `tick`, because the current `tick` may lose precision due to the integer constraints (which will be discussed more in depth in a later section).

[^2]: price = <Latex> $ 1.0001^&#123;tick&#125; $ </Latex>, and this equation will be explained more later in the blog post.

`sqrtPriceX96` represents the sqrtPrice times <Latex> $ 2^&#123;96&#125;$ </Latex> as described in the Q notation section. <Latex> $ 2^&#123;96&#125;$</Latex> was specifically was chosen because it was the largest value for precision that allowed the protocol team to squeeze the most variables into the contract storage slot for gas efficiency. 

### Math

First, as previously discussed, sqrtPrice is the `sqrtPriceX96` of the pool divided by <Latex> $ 2^&#123;96&#125; $</Latex>

<Latex displayMode={true}>$ sqrtPrice = sqrtPriceX96 / 2^&#123;96&#125; $</Latex>

You can convert the sqrtPrice of the pool into the price of the pool by squaring the sqrtPrice.

<Latex displayMode={true}>$ price = sqrtPrice^2 $</Latex>

Putting those equations together

<Latex displayMode={true}>$ price = (sqrtPriceX96 / 2^&#123;96&#125;)^2 $</Latex>

### Math Example

In the USDC-WETH 5-bps pool (also the .05% fee tier), token0 for this pool is USDC and token 1 is WETH. For this pool, <Latex> $ price = \frac&#123;token1&#125;&#123;token0&#125; = \frac&#123;WETH&#125;&#123;USDC&#125; $</Latex>. This also represents the exchange rate from <Latex> $ token0 $</Latex> to <Latex> $ token1 $</Latex>. For this specific pool, this exchange rate is the amount of WETH that could be traded for 1 USDC[^3].

[^3]: It is important to note that this is backwards to what people expect, which is a problem that many developers run into. Uniswap v3 chooses token ordering by their contract address, and the USDC contract address comes first.

From `slot0` in the pool contract at address [0x88e6a0c2ddd26feeb64f039a2c41296fcb3f5640](https://etherscan.io/address/0x88e6a0c2ddd26feeb64f039a2c41296fcb3f5640) at [block number 15436494](https://etherscan.io/block/15436494).

<Latex displayMode={true}>$ sqrtPriceX96 = 2018382873588440326581633304624437 $</Latex>

Plugging this value into the equation above, we have

<Latex displayMode={true}>$ \frac&#123;WETH&#125;&#123;USDC&#125; = (2018382873588440326581633304624437 / 2^&#123;96&#125;)^2 $</Latex>

<Latex displayMode={true}>$ \frac&#123;WETH&#125;&#123;USDC&#125; = 649004842.70137 $</Latex>

erc20 tokens have built in decimal values. For example, 1 WETH actually represents <Latex> $ 10^&#123;18&#125; $</Latex> WETH in the contract whereas USDC is <Latex> $ 10^6 $</Latex>. Therefore, USDC has 6 decimals and WETH has 18.

<Latex displayMode={true}>$ adj\frac&#123;WETH&#125;&#123;USDC&#125; = 649004842.70137 / \frac&#123;10^&#123;18&#125;&#125;&#123;10^6&#125; $</Latex>

<Latex displayMode={true}>$ adj\frac&#123;WETH&#125;&#123;USDC&#125; = 649004842.70137 / 10^&#123;12&#125; $</Latex>

Most exchanges quote the multiplicative inverse, <Latex> $ price = $ $ adj\frac&#123;USDC&#125;&#123;WETH&#125; $</Latex> which is the amount of USDC that represents 1 WETH. To adjust for this, we also need to divide <Latex> $ 1/price $</Latex> as 

<Latex displayMode={true}> $ adj\frac&#123;USDC&#125;&#123;WETH&#125; = \frac&#123;1&#125;&#123;adj\frac&#123;WETH&#125;&#123;USDC&#125;&#125; $</Latex> 

<Latex displayMode={true}> $ adj\frac&#123;USDC&#125;&#123;WETH&#125; = \frac&#123;1&#125;&#123;649004842.70137 / 10^&#123;12&#125;&#125; $</Latex> 

<Latex displayMode={true}> $ adj\frac&#123;USDC&#125;&#123;WETH&#125; = \frac&#123;10^&#123;12&#125;&#125;&#123;649004842.70137&#125; $</Latex>

<Latex displayMode={true}> $ price = adj\frac&#123;USDC&#125;&#123;WETH&#125; = \space \space \sim1540.82 $</Latex> 

This is the number generally seen quoted on exchanges and data sources. See the formula and math here: <a href="https://www.symbolab.com/solver/step-by-step/%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Cleft(%5Cfrac%7B2018382873588440326581633304624437%7D%7B2%5E%7B96%7D%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B2%7D%5Ccdot%20%5Cleft(%5Cfrac%7B10%5E%7B6%7D%7D%7B10%5E%7B18%7D%7D%5Cright)%7D?or=input">Symbolab Big Math</a>

### Code Example
This will give the price of both tokens in relation to the other, as all pools will have two prices.

```js
// Get the two token prices of the pool
// PoolInfo is a dictionary object containing the 4 variables needed
// {"SqrtX96" : slot0.sqrtPriceX96.toString(), "Pair": pairName, "Decimal0": Decimal0, "Decimal1": Decimal1}
// to get slot0 call factory contract with tokens and fee, 
// then call the pool slot0, sqrtPriceX96 is returned as first dictionary variable
// var FactoryContract = new ethers.Contract(factory, IUniswapV3FactoryABI, provider);
// var V3pool = await FactoryContract.getPool(token0, token1, fee);
// var poolContract = new ethers.Contract(V3pool, IUniswapV3PoolABI, provider);
// var slot0 = await poolContract.slot0();

function GetPrice(PoolInfo){
	let sqrtPriceX96 = PoolInfo.SqrtX96;
	let Decimal0 = PoolInfo.Decimal0;
	let Decimal1 = PoolInfo.Decimal1;

 const buyOneOfToken0 = ((sqrtPriceX96 / 2**96)**2) / (10**Decimal1 / 10**Decimal0).toFixed(Decimal1);

	const buyOneOfToken1 = (1 / buyOneOfToken0).toFixed(Decimal0);
	console.log("price of token0 in value of token1 : " + buyOneOfToken0.toString());
	console.log("price of token1 in value of token0 : " + buyOneOfToken1.toString());
	console.log("");
		// Convert to wei
	const buyOneOfToken0Wei =(Math.floor(buyOneOfToken0 * (10**Decimal1))).toLocaleString('fullwide', {useGrouping:false});
	const buyOneOfToken1Wei =(Math.floor(buyOneOfToken1 * (10**Decimal0))).toLocaleString('fullwide', {useGrouping:false});
	console.log("price of token0 in value of token1 in lowest decimal : " + buyOneOfToken0Wei);
	console.log("price of token1 in value of token1 in lowest decimal : " + buyOneOfToken1Wei);
	console.log("");
}

 // WETH / USDC pool 0.05% →(1% == 10000, 0.3% == 3000, 0.05% == 500, 0.01 == 100)
("0xC02aaA39b223FE8D0A0e5C4F27eAD9083C756Cc2", "0xA0b86991c6218b36c1d19D4a2e9Eb0cE3606eB48", 500)
// Output
price of token0 in value of token1 : 1539.296453
price of token1 in value of token0 : 0.000649647439939888
price of token0 in value of token1 in lowest decimal : 1539296453
price of token1 in value of token1 in lowest decimal : 649647439939888
```

# Relationship between tick and sqrtPrice

Ticks are used in Uniswap v3 to determine the liquidity that is in-range. Uniswap v3 pools are made up of ticks ranging from -887272 to 887272, which functionally equate to a token price between 0 and infinity[^4], respectively. More on this below.

[^4]: This conversion from tick to price directly equates to <Latex> $ 2^&#123;-128&#125; $ </Latex> to <Latex> $ 2^&#123;128&#125; $ </Latex>, which are functionally 0 to infinity.

## Ticks vs Tick-Spacing
We find that end users are constantly confused by ticks vs tick-spacing.
- Ticks: Units of measurement that are used to define specific price ranges
- Tick-spacing: The distance between two ticks, as defined by the fee tier

Not every `tick` can be initialized. Instead, each pool is initialized with a `tick-spacing` that determines the space between each `tick`. Tick-spacings are also important to determine where liquidity can be placed or removed. If there is an initialized `tick` at tick 202910, then liquidity at most can change as early as the first value given by the `tick-spacing`, which is 202910 + 10 for the 5 bps pool[^5].

[^5]: Ticks are only initialized if someone has placed liquidity that either starts or ends at that tick. It is possible that no one placed liquidity ending at the next tick, so it may not be initialized. However, positions can only be placed at ticks that are determined by the tick-spacing.

<div align="center">
 Table 1. Relationship between fees and tick-spacing
</div>

![table1 (2)](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/4frFW4vjWztra6jaQRqjve/241b6f514df980da1e1afc11709a82bd/table1__2_.png)

Using the table above, we can determine the `tick-spacing` of the pool directly from the fee-tier. We show both the percentage and the bps format for these values, as used interchangeably by practitioners, but may be confusing for new users. 

<div align="center">
 Figure 1. Example of tick-spacing vs ticks for WETH-USDC 5 bps pool
</div>

![figure2 (1)](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/1CAALWusWI2Q2Ns1CvS2Zs/2388c8df6c862e74cbb88830847a6296/figure2__1_.jpeg)

In Figure 1, we show a small portion of the liquidity distribution for the WETH-USDC 5 bps pool at the block previously discussed. The dashed black lines indicate possible initialized ticks (which occur every at minimum `tick-spacing` of 10 for 5 bps pools). The solid black line indicates the current `tick` of the pool. 

Also notice that liquidity is constant between two dashed lines. This is because liquidity can only change when a tick-spacing is crossed. Between those ticks, the liquidity in-range is treated like an xy=k curve like Uniswap v2 for trading. If that confuses you, don't worry, it's not important. If you want to learn more about liquidity, we will talk more about liquidity in a later post.

## What does a tick represent?
Ticks are related directly to price. To convert from tick <Latex> $ \tau $</Latex>, to price, take <Latex> $ 1.0001^\tau $</Latex> 1.0001 to get the corresponding price. Let the tick-spacing be <Latex> $ ts $</Latex> and <Latex> $ i_c $</Latex> be the lower bound of the active tick-range, then the current tick-range is <Latex> $ [i_c, i_c + ts) $</Latex> We can then map the current tick-range to the current price-range with 

<Latex displayMode={true}> $ [1.0001^&#123;i_c&#125;, 1.0001^&#123;i_c + ts&#125;) $</Latex>

**Note**: Everything up-to, but not including the upper tick is part of the current range

While liquidity can only be added at initialized ticks, the current market-price can be between initialized ticks. In the example above, the USDC-WETH 5-bps pool is at tick 202919. This number is not evenly divisible by the `tick-spacing` of 10, we need to find the nearest numbers above and below that are. This corresponds to tick 202910 and tick 202920, which we showed in Figure 1.

The current `tick-range` can also be calculated by [^6]

[^6]: <Latex> $ \lfloor x \rfloor $</Latex> represents the floor of the value <Latex>$ x $</Latex>, or the greatest integer value that is less than or equal to <Latex>$ x $</Latex>

<Latex displayMode={true}> $ [( \lfloor i_c / ts \rfloor * ts, ( \lfloor i_c / ts \rfloor) * ts + ts)) $</Latex>

In the USDC-WETH example we get:

<Latex displayMode={true}> $ [\lfloor 202919 / 10 \rfloor * 10, \lfloor 202919 / 10 \rfloor * 10 + 10)) $</Latex>

<Latex displayMode={true}> $ [\lfloor 20291.9 \rfloor * 10, \lfloor 20291.9 \rfloor * 10 + 10)) $</Latex>

<Latex displayMode={true}> $ [20291 * 10, 20291 * 10 + 10) $</Latex>

<Latex displayMode={true}> $ [202910, 202920) $</Latex>

Thus, the current `tick-range` of in-range liquidity for the USDC-WETH pool is currently <Latex> $ [202910, 202920) $</Latex>, but what prices does this `tick-range` map to? Its maps to

<Latex displayMode={true}> $ [1.0001^&#123;202910&#125;, 1.0001^&#123;202920&#125;) = [648378713.2500573, 649027383.8115474) $</Latex>

Let's convert to `tick-range` in terms of adjusted <Latex> $ \frac&#123;USDC&#125;&#123;WETH&#125; $</Latex> as done previously. Remember that we need to adjust for the decimal differences between USDC and WETH, and invert the price since we want <Latex> $ \frac&#123;USDC&#125;&#123;WETH&#125; $</Latex> (the amount of USDC given by 1 WETH) not <Latex> $ \frac&#123;WETH&#125;&#123;USDC&#125; $</Latex> (the amount of WETH given by 1 USDC).

<Latex displayMode={true}> $ 1 / ([648378713.2500573, 649027383.8115474) / 10^&#123;12&#125;) $</Latex>

<Latex displayMode={true}> $ 1 / [0.0006483787133, 0.0006490273838) $</Latex>

<Latex displayMode={true}> $ [1542.30, 1540.76) $</Latex>

The price we calculated from `sqrtPriceX96` in the previous example falls between this range - a good sanity check that we've calculated the price ranges properly![^7]

[^7]: Notice that the larger price is now first. That is because of the inverting of the exchange rate. This can cause a lot of confusion and problems with code!

## How does tick and tick spacing relate to sqrtPriceX96?
You may be asking, if <Latex> $ price = 1.0001^&#123;202919&#125; $</Latex> (the current tick of the pool) and <Latex> $ price = 649004842.70137 $</Latex> (derived from the sqrtPriceX96 of the pool) then why does <Latex> $ price = 1.0001^&#123;202919&#125; = 648962487.5642413 \neq 649004842.70137 $</Latex>

Instead of calculating the price using the `tick` value from the `slot0` call, let's derive it from the `sqrtPriceX96` value and see where the discrepancy between the current `tick` and `sqrtPriceX96` lies.

We know that <Latex> $ price = 1.0001^&#123;i_c&#125; $</Latex>, then 

<Latex displayMode={true}> $ 649004842.70137 = 1.0001^&#123;i_c&#125; $</Latex>

<Latex displayMode={true}> $ \log(649004842.70137) = \log(1.0001^&#123;i_c&#125;) $</Latex>

<Latex displayMode={true}> $ \log(649004842.70137) = i_c\log(1.0001) $</Latex>

<Latex displayMode={true}> $ \frac&#123;\log(649004842.70137)&#125;&#123;\log(1.0001)&#125; = i_c $</Latex>

<Latex displayMode={true}> $ 202919.6526706078 = i_c $</Latex>

This explains why using ticks can be less precise than `sqrtPriceX96` in Uniswap v3. 

Just like ticks can be in between initialized ticks, ticks can also be in-between integers as well! The protocol itself reports the floor <Latex> $ \lfloor i_c \rfloor $</Latex> of the current tick, which the `sqrtPriceX96` retains. 

### Example Tick to Price
```js
let price0 = (1.0001**tick)/(10**(Decimal1-Decimal0))
let price1 = 1 / price0
```

### Example sqrtPriceX96 to Tick
**Note:** the Math.floor as stated above, the calculation will have decimals, not needed for tick

```js
const Q96 = JSBI.exponentiate(JSBI.BigInt(2), JSBI.BigInt(96));
let tick = Math.floor(Math.log((sqrtPriceX96/Q96)**2)/Math.log(1.0001));
```

# Conclusion

Overall, we hope that this long primer on Uniswap v3 is helpful. Helping our community gracefully and efficiently understand Uniswap v3 will help push along the ecosystem to be the best that it can be. For anything else, feel free to join the dev-chat in our [discord](https://discord.gg/vcZv8DbbE3) and ask.

Read part 2 [here](https://blog.uniswap.org/uniswap-v3-math-primer-2).

---

## Related References

1. [Liquidity Math in Uniswap v3](https://atiselsts.github.io/pdfs/uniswap-v3-liquidity-math.pdf) by Atis Elsts
2. [Uniswap v3 Development Book](https://uniswapv3book.com/) by Ivan Kuznetsov
3. [Uniswap v3 Core](https://uniswap.org/whitepaper-v3.pdf) by the Uniswap Labs' team
4. [Uniswap v3 - New Era of AMMs?](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ehm-OYBmlPM) By Finematics

The math for Uniswap v3 can be confusing. This guide answers some of our most common questions, including Q Notation, ticks, exchange rates, and more!

A Primer on Uniswap v3 Math: As Easy As 1, 2, v3


_By: [Austin Adams](https://twitter.com/AustinAdams10), [Mary-Catherine Lader](https://twitter.com/Mclader), [Gordon Liao](https://twitter.com/gordonliao), [David Puth](https://www.linkedin.com/in/david-puth/), [Xin Wan](https://twitter.com/xin__wan)_

_Read the full paper on [SSRN](https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4328948) or locally hosted [here](https://uniswap.org/OnchainFX.pdf)._

***

On-chain foreign exchange (FX) is a new model of global value exchange that offers a faster, cheaper, and more efficient alternative for cross-border payments for businesses and consumers — and address longstanding risks in the FX market. 

This innovation, coupled with more user-friendly interfaces and improved fiat-to-stablecoin conversion capabilities, can benefit billions of underserved individuals worldwide through faster and cheaper transfers, and reduce intermediary steps. [Research](https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4328948) conducted by Uniswap Labs and Circle explores these topics in depth, including cross border payments, market structure, remittance, and more.

Based on data from Uniswap Protocol pools, the paper estimates that DeFi rails could reduce remittance costs by as much as 80%, saving unbanked and underbanked individuals $30 billion per year. For a $500 remittance, the cost of on-chain FX conversion and on/off-ramping is as low as $4.80, a small fraction relative to the average cost of remittance of $28.00 through banks and $19.04 through traditional remittance operators.

One example of on-chain FX is the trading of dollar and euro-denominated payment stablecoins issued by Circle, USD Coin (USDC) and Euro Coin (EUROC), on the Uniswap protocol. Since the launch of EUROC in July of 2022, on-chain exchange of the EUROC/USDC pair has surpassed [$124 million dollars cumulatively](https://dune.com/queries/1865638?d=1) as of January 12th, 2023, with daily volume as high as [$8.6 million exchanged on a 24-7 basis](https://dune.com/queries/1865661?d=1).

Other benefits of on-chain FX exchange and settlements include:
1. Atomic, payment-versus-payment (PvP) transactions, enabled through blockchains, can eliminate the settlement risk in which one leg of a transaction is settled without the other. This type of settlement risk, which exists in one-third of deliverable FX transactions or around $2.2 trillion on any given day, is highlighted by global regulators to pose [financial stability concerns](https://www.bis.org/publ/qtrpdf/r_qt2212i.htm).
2. On-chain FX transactions, coupled with blockchain analytics, decentralized identity solutions, and safeguards at the point of on and off-ramps, can improve market conduct and reduce the risks of [benchmark rigging](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-06-13/price-benchmarks-said-to-be-rigged-in-the-foreign-exchange-market) and [market manipulation](https://www.ft.com/content/9a09df46-4f18-11e6-88c5-db83e98a590a) that have long plagued the FX market.
3. Smart contract-based [Automated Market Making protocols](https://uniswap.org/faq) can utilize the balance sheet of passive asset owners as liquidity providers to facilitate always-on liquidity, deepen market depth, and reduce the risk of flash crashes.
4. Near-instantaneous, low cost cross-border settlements can improve payments for global trade and commerce as well as benefit everyday users, such as migrant workers seeking to send remittance home.

Tokenized cash issuers and decentralized exchange protocols are key to realizing these benefits. Tokenized cash issuers serve as a bridge between fiat currencies and their tokenized forms. They must have trust, transparency, and appropriate guardrails in place to ensure backing of the cash tokens, provide redemption on demand, and prevent spillover risks. Decentralized exchange protocols facilitate the price discovery, risk exchange, and settlement of tokenized cash in one currency versus another. They must have proper mechanism design and implementation to ensure transparency, safety, and efficiency.

Regulators recognize that DeFi can be a solution to FX settlement, as evidenced by the recent launch of [Project Mariana](https://www.bis.org/about/bisih/topics/cbdc/mariana.htm), a joint effort from the BIS, central banks of France, Singapore and Switzerland to explore cross-border Central Bank Digital Currency trading and settlements using DeFi protocols.

Lastly, we discuss why the need for regulatory clarity, improved user experience, and safer custody solutions currently presents barriers to broad adoption of on-chain foreign exchange.

***

Please read the full paper [here](https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4328948) or locally hosted [here](https://uniswap.org/OnchainFX.pdf).

Uniswap Labs and Circle research shows that FX trading and settlement on public blockchains can be more affordable, transparent, and stable.

How DeFi Can Cut Costs & Boost Transparency in Foreign Exchange Markets

Over the past four years, the Uniswap Protocol has become an essential building block for DeFi applications to source liquidity from a secure, trustless, and efficient AMM. As the most popular DEX on Ethereum, the Uniswap Protocol supports a vibrant ecosystem of builders. We're launching a new series of blog posts featuring these teams, starting with [Arrakis Finance](https://www.arrakis.finance/).

Arrakis lowers the learning curve for market makers with tools to manage concentrated liquidity positions on Uniswap v3. Let's learn more from [Kassandra](https://twitter.com/kassandraETH), founder and CTO of Arrakis Finance.

### What problems are you solving with Arrakis?
**[Kassandra](https://twitter.com/kassandraETH)**: While traditional AMMs are simple and easy to use, they lack capital efficiency as liquidity providers cannot devise and carry out strategies that decide how and when their inventory should be sold. Concentrated liquidity AMMs like Uniswap v3 improve capital efficiency, but at the cost of greater complexity. Arrakis provides the best of both worlds - greater capital efficiency without sacrificing ease of use.

Arrakis is a trustless market-making infrastructure protocol to run sophisticated algorithmic strategies on Uniswap v3. Liquidity providers can utilize Arrakis Vaults to manage their liquidity in an automated, capital-efficient, non-custodial, and transparent manner.

### How does it work?
**[Kassandra](https://twitter.com/kassandraETH)**: A key primitive to Arrakis is its vaults. We recently launched [Arrakis v2](https://mirror.xyz/0x916563f8476b988855af0b8b8A3D56072E1917FA/dDECIZ2xM5EUolG5Lrkrk5XyXgUrfrnaboDDuGYXXBg), which encodes vaults with several [features](https://resources.arrakis.fi/arrakis-v2-protocol/key-features), such as:

- **Multiple Concentrated Liquidity Positions**: Construct any arbitrary combination of liquidity positions in a Uniswap v3 pool.
- **Cross Fee Tier Vaults**: Enables liquidity provision across different fee tiers.
- **Fully Fungible**: Wrapped using the ERC20 token standard, Arrakis vaults are composable with other DeFi protocols.
- **Non-custodial**: Liquidity can only be withdrawn by the original depositor.

### Can you give us an example?
**[Kassandra](https://twitter.com/kassandraETH)**: Certainly! Arrakis is extremely versatile. Virtually any strategy can be implemented on it.

Take a pair of pegged assets, like USDC/DAI. Because most trades happen close to the peg, we'd want to deploy liquidity at the 0.01% fee tier. But, if the asset depegs, we may want to provide liquidity at higher fee tiers to compensate ourselves for any additional risk we incur in providing liquidity to a depegged asset.

![arrakis ex](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/4QgVJ5LYMd6nZqbFYAvg6b/e80b9f3b1f3f33ce4851ab16dca29421/arrakis_ex.png)

### Why did you choose to build on Uniswap v3?
**[Kassandra](https://twitter.com/kassandraETH)**: We saw Uniswap v3 as a massive breakthrough for AMM design with all sorts of unexplored implications and possibilities. Uniswap v3 introduced the concept of concentrated liquidity to the AMM, which adds key features to massively amplify the capital efficiency of liquidity pooled -- but also creates a trade-off whereby LPs needed to be much more sophisticated by setting and adjusting custom price bands to concentrate their liquidity within.

Arrakis was born as a response to this trade-off, hoping to make best-in-class liquidity provision strategies accessible to all, even those who aren't necessarily experts on market making. At Arrakis, we have a lot of respect for and belief in the Uniswap v3 protocol. We think it's fascinating, and we hope our tools help the protocol grow and mature.

### How was building on top of the Uniswap Protocol?
**[Kassandra](https://twitter.com/kassandraETH)**: Building on top of Uniswap v3 can be enjoyable and rewarding, but it is not for the faint of heart. In the early stages of development with Uniswap v3 we encountered some issues with Solidity v0.8+, but the Uniswap team helped us solve them. The documentation, especially the NATSPEC in contracts, was very helpful. While we don't use the SDK frequently, we have found it useful as a reference when creating our projects. Despite its increased complexity compared to previous versions, the wide range of potential applications it unlocks makes the complexity worthwhile.

### Where can we learn more about Arrakis?
__[Kassandra](https://twitter.com/kassandraETH)__: Check our [documentation](https://resources.arrakis.fi/), [Arrakis v2](https://mirror.xyz/0x916563f8476b988855af0b8b8A3D56072E1917FA/dDECIZ2xM5EUolG5Lrkrk5XyXgUrfrnaboDDuGYXXBg) announcement, [PALM](https://mirror.xyz/0x916563f8476b988855af0b8b8A3D56072E1917FA/wC6L4XJdmuBCXNB1XHBGzCbzxIKvVTdiSoSgDqHWF6I) announcement, and the [app](https://arrakis.finance/) itself!

# Start Building on Uniswap Today!
Inspired to build the next great innovation in DeFi? Uniswap Labs offers tooling and resources to get building fast!

- Add swapping to any React website in less than 5 minutes with the [Uniswap Widget](https://docs.uniswap.org/sdk/widgets/swap-widget)
- Build a dApp or integrate an existing dApp with the Uniswap Protocol using our [Javascript SDK](https://docs.uniswap.org/sdk/introduction)
- Build on chain contracts that can [swap](https://docs.uniswap.org/protocol/guides/swaps/single-swaps), [provide liquidity](https://docs.uniswap.org/protocol/guides/providing-liquidity/setting-up), and [get prices](https://docs.uniswap.org/concepts/protocol/oracle) in a fully permissionless way by integrating with the [Uniswap Protocol Smart Contracts](https://docs.uniswap.org/contracts/v3/overview)
- Join our [Discord](https://discord.gg/cfWtaJVwsg) and head over to our developer specific #dev-chat channel for help getting started

Should we write about your project? **[Submit this form here](https://notionforms.io/forms/uniswap-ecosystem-projects-1)!**

***

_Disclaimer: Arrakis is a Uniswap Labs Ventures portfolio company. Certain information contained here has been obtained from third-party sources, including from portfolio companies of Uniswap Labs. While taken from sources believed to be reliable, Uniswap Labs has not independently verified such information and makes no representations about the enduring accuracy of the information or its appropriateness for a given situation. In addition, this content may include third-party advertisements; Uniswap Labs has not reviewed such advertisements and does not endorse any advertising content contained therein._

_None of the information herein should be construed as or relied upon in any manner as investment, legal, tax, or other advice. Any products and services referenced may not be suitable for users in all jurisdictions. You should consult your own advisers as to legal, business, tax, and other related matters concerning any usage, participation, or investment. Any projections, estimates, forecasts, targets, prospects and/or opinions expressed in these materials are subject to change without notice and may differ or be contrary to opinions expressed by others. Any charts provided here or on Uniswap Labs content distribution outlets are for informational purposes only and should not be relied upon when making any usage, participation, or investment decision. All content speaks only as of the date indicated._

_Under no circumstances should any posts or other information provided on this website --- or on associated content distribution outlets --- be construed as an offer soliciting the purchase or sale of any security, or interest in any pooled investment vehicle, or as an offer to provide investment advisory services by Uniswap Labs personnel._

_More information about Uniswap Labs Ventures is available [here](https://uniswap.org/blog/ventures)._

Learn how liquidity providers can use Arrakis to manage their Uniswap v3 liquidity positions in an automated, capital-efficient, non-custodial, and transparent manner.

Arrakis - Trustless Market Making Strategies on Uniswap v3

Starting today, you can purchase crypto on the [Uniswap Web App](https://app.uniswap.org/) using a credit card, debit card or bank transfer at the best rates in web3. Convert from fiat to crypto onto Ethereum mainnet, Polygon, Optimism, and Arbitrum, and start swapping in minutes!

# Direct to DeFi
Decentralized exchanges (DEXs) are the safest way to trade digital assets compared to their centralized counterparts. With self-custodial wallets, permissionless and immutable protocols, and a transparent public ledger, DEXs have built-in user protections. However, a major barrier to DeFi adoption has been the onboarding experience, compelling users to store their assets on CEXs for convenience, despite the risks.

Now you can go direct to DeFi with the [Uniswap Web App](https://app.uniswap.org/) and buy crypto on our web app using any card or bank transfer in 160+ countries with our first partner, [MoonPay](https://www.moonpay.com/business/onramps). We're bringing you the best fiat on-ramp experience - no spread fees on USDC, the lowest processing fees in the market, and instant access!

To purchase
- Connect your wallet to the Uniswap Web App
- Click the wallet dropdown
- Buy crypto and use it instantly!

![interface](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/YxTu2Yj8b4HPt4oDJ8dAW/b95a2c5a7996d22d375d7b8eca5810c4/interface.png)

### What payment methods are supported?

Major payment methods like cards and bank transfers are supported. This will vary depending on the region. Bank transfers are only available for [most of the US](https://support.moonpay.com/hc/en-gb/articles/5691536596241-What-are-our-supported-countries-states-and-territories-for-buying-NFTs-with-a-card-), Brazil, SEPA, and the UK. See the MoonPay Help Center for more information on supported [payment methods](https://support.moonpay.com/hc/en-gb/articles/360017624078-What-are-your-supported-payment-methods-) and [fiat currencies](https://support.moonpay.com/hc/en-gb/articles/360011931457-Which-fiat-currencies-are-supported-).

### What tokens are supported?

At launch, we will support DAI, ETH, MATIC, USDC, USDT, WBTC, and WETH. However, this does depend on the region. For example, US users cannot purchase WETH or WBTC. See the [MoonPay Help Center](https://support.moonpay.com/hc/en-gb/articles/5691536596241-What-are-our-supported-countries-states-and-territories-for-buying-NFTs-with-a-card-) for further details.

### What chains are supported?

You can purchase crypto and send to any wallet on Ethereum mainnet, Polygon, Optimism, and Arbitrum.

### Do I need to verify my identity with MoonPay?

To purchase crypto with a card or bank account, you will need to observe MoonPay's [KYC/AML policy](https://www.moonpay.com/legal/aml_kyc_policy). You **do not** need to verify your identity to use the Uniswap Protocol, **only** when purchasing crypto through MoonPay. MoonPay **does not** share customer data with Uniswap Labs. Uniswap Labs **does not collect** and store financial data such as credit card, debit card, and bank information, or personal data, such as first name, last name, street address, date of birth, email address, and IP address.

### What are the fees?

We have some of the lowest in the entire market:

- **No Minimum Fee** - Payment processors often charge a minimum fee regardless of purchase size. Our minimum fees are zero!

- **No Spread on USDC** - Payment processors quote a slightly higher token price than the market rate. This fee is called a "spread" and contributes to their margins. We have zero spread for USDC purchases!

- **Low spread and processing fees** - We've also negotiated low spread and processing fees on all supported currencies.

### How much crypto can I buy?

**Minimum** - Many supported cryptocurrencies have a minimum purchase size of 15 USD or equivalent in most local currencies. ETH, USDC, USDT, and DAI have variable minimum purchase sizes based on market conditions.

**Maximum** - Buy limits depend on which cryptocurrency you buy and which fiat currency you use. Notably, USDC has an upper limit of 10,000 on Arbitrum and Optimism while popular fiat currencies are capped at USD at 12,000, GBP at 9,000, EUR at 10,000, and CAD at 16,000.

Your payment provider may put further limitations on your purchase size. We recommend either bank transfer or debit cards. Note that minimum and maximum purchase sizes may change as per MoonPay's policies.

### When will the purchased crypto arrive in my wallet?

Your purchases will be available in your wallet within minutes, though the exact payment  method will determine the transfer time. Read more on the [MoonPay Help Center](https://support.moonpay.com/hc/en-gb/articles/360011931417-How-long-does-it-take-to-receive-my-cryptocurrency-).

### Can I send crypto back into my bank account?

Not yet. We're working to integrate an off-ramp. Today, you can sell using [MoonPay's website](https://www.moonpay.com/buy) or any other off-ramp platform.

### Can I buy NFTs with fiat?

Not directly. You can buy ETH through MoonPay from the Uniswap Web App. You can use this ETH to [purchase NFTs](https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-nft-aggregator-announcement) on the [Uniswap Web App](https://app.uniswap.org/#/nfts).

Buy crypto with a card or bank account directly on the Uniswap Web App. Get the best rates in the market and start trading instantly!

Buy Crypto with your Card or Bank Account

_By [Jon Fink Isaksen](https://dk.linkedin.com/in/jonisaksen)_

I am a firm believer in technology and financial innovation as tools for societal good.

I have spent my career working in government promoting an open approach that enables responsible innovation -- from establishing the Danish financial regulator's innovation hub and regulatory sandbox, to drafting and negotiating digital asset [regulation](https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/06/30/digital-finance-agreement-reached-on-european-crypto-assets-regulation-mica/) for Europe at the European Commission. Now, as Head of Policy for Europe, Middle East, and Africa at Uniswap Labs, I am excited to continue this work at the very forefront of financial innovation.

A [report recently supported by the European Commission](https://finance.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2022-10/finance-events-221021-report_en.pdf) notes that the "openness and transparency [of DeFi] bear promises to remove threats of abusive market power, promote innovation and facilitate financial inclusion." The transparency of DeFi will solve many of the information asymmetries that plague centralized financial systems. DeFi has the potential to "alleviate demand-side concerns such as financial exclusion, market manipulation and opacity."

DeFi allows users to have complete control over their assets, without relinquishing custodial control of assets to intermediaries. DeFi can be used by anyone with a smartphone and internet connection, opening the doors of the financial system to those who have been historically shut out of it.

While DeFi solves many of the problems in traditional and centralized digital asset markets, ensuring that all DeFi is safe and secure is a top priority. After developing a Protocol that has never seen a significant hack despite over $1.2 trillion in volume, Uniswap Labs has a valuable perspective in pursuit of that goal. We are well-positioned to make the idea of a more inclusive digital financial system a market reality and make it safe -- and possible -- for consumers to transact with each other, and I am incredibly excited to be part of the journey with a team that shares this mission.

I look forward to engaging with policymakers, regulators, and industry participants globally and finding ways to mitigate potential risks and empower consumers and build a safe and inclusive digital financial system.

---

To get involved and stay up to date:

- Join the Uniswap community [discord](https://discord.com/invite/FCfyBSbCU5)
- Follow Uniswap Labs on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/Uniswap)
- Register as a delegate on [Sybil](https://sybil.org/#/delegates/uniswap)
- Participate in Uniswap [governance](https://gov.uniswap.org/)

Uniswap Team 🦄

Jon Fink Isaksen joins Uniswap Labs as Head of Policy for Europe, Middle East, and Africa, bringing an extensive history of digital asset regulation from the EU.

Welcome Jon Fink Isaksen as Head of Policy, EU

Trade your favorite tokens and NFTs all in one place!

Starting today, you can trade NFTs across major marketplaces to find more listings and better prices. To celebrate NFTs on Uniswap, we are airdropping approximately 5 million USDC to certain historical [Genie](https://uniswap.org/blog/genie) users and offering gas rebates to the first 22,000 NFT users (more on that below). We also continue to be open-source, trustless, and self-custodial, staying true to our values of decentralization.

<Video source="//videos.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/2GYHs82yBKTH6vJKE6TkGn/c5d89d3cb37e68a096979186599ca6af/NFT__1_.mp4" />

NFTs and ERC-20 tokens have largely existed as two separate ecosystems within crypto, but both are essential to growing the digital economy. Launching NFTs on Uniswap is our first step in building more interoperable experiences between the two.

To bring users the first-rate experience they've come to expect with Uniswap, we built the aggregator to deliver better prices, faster indexing, safer smart contracts, and efficient execution.

With Uniswap, the NFT ecosystem can expect:
* **More listings, at better prices.** Aggregators deliver better prices by combining multiple marketplace listings into one interface. At launch, Uniswap will support OpenSea, X2Y2, LooksRare, Sudoswap, Larva Labs, X2Y2, Foundation, NFT20, and NFTX.

![avg-floor-price (1)](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/14RSI77Va5NVT6Zs9nTNuT/ed31a9ba52e3fc3341bcf7abcb7b7af1/avg-floor-price__1_.jpeg)

* **More gas savings.** Save up to 15% on gas costs compared to other NFT aggregators when purchasing across marketplaces. Powered by our new open-sourced [Universal Router contract](https://uniswap.org/blog/permit2-and-universal-router), Uniswap’s aggregator can save tens of thousands of gas units over other marketplaces. 
* **Trustless and open source.** Uniswap is committed to being trustless, transparent, and open source. We’ve brought those same design principles to NFTs and open-sourced all of our front-end code, making us the first major NFT platform to do so.

## Genie Airdrop
We are distributing approximately 5 million USDC to certain historical Genie users to show our gratitude to longtime Genie users and welcome them into the Uniswap community. Based on a snapshot taken on **April 15, 2022 at 00:00 UTC**, we’ve created two tiers for recipients:
1. The $300 tier is available to wallets that completed more than one transaction before the snapshot.
2. The $1,000 tier is available to wallets that held the Genie:Genesis NFT as of the snapshot.
 * Users are eligible per unique address, meaning multiple Genie:Genesis NFTs in the same wallet are only eligible once.
 * This tier is also available to wallets that purchased a Genie:Genesis NFT or a Genie:Gem NFT between 5:59 pm and 9:15 pm UTC on June 21st.

Users are eligible for both tiers and can claim their airdrop in USDC on [app.uniswap.org](https://app.uniswap.org/) for the next 12 months. Connect your wallet and click the wallet dropdown in the top right. If you’re eligible for the airdrop, there will be an option to claim it!

![wallet-claim (1)](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/4zUPH5uvp5eutFddpm26Ix/1d897d87ce135c0a28d86fdd28813114/wallet-claim__1_.png)

## Gas Rebate Promotion
To welcome our new users, we will be starting a gas rebates promotion that begins today, ends on December 14, 2022, and is claimable on January 16, 2023 through the Uniswap app for 12 months.

The first 22,000 distinct wallets that purchase an NFT during this promotional period will qualify for a rebate on their first transaction. Partial transactions in which users successfully purchase some, but not all, NFTs are eligible for rebates. Failed transactions are not eligible. The gas rebate is capped at 0.01 ETH
* If a user spends 0.01 ETH or less on gas, their transaction is fully covered.
* If a user spends more than 0.01 ETH on gas, they’ll receive a 0.01 ETH rebate for that transaction.

_Update (January 18th, 2022)_: We airdropped 0.01 ETH to distinct wallets that traded between these dates. Check the transaction from this [wallet](https://etherscan.io/address/0xec50d70c156f9949010244a5c48cae36604c5765).

Buy and sell NFTs across more listings at better prices on Uniswap. NFTs on Uniswap saves you time and money by aggregating listings from the largest marketplaces.

NFTs are Officially Live on Uniswap!

Today, Uniswap Labs has released two new smart contracts:

1. [Permit2](https://github.com/Uniswap/permit2) allows token approvals to be shared and managed across different applications creating a more unified, cost-efficient, and safer UX.

2. [Universal Router](https://github.com/Uniswap/universal-router) unifies ERC20 and NFT swapping into a single swap router. Integrated with Permit2, users can swap multiple tokens and NFTs in one swap while saving on gas fees.

We originally conceived Permit2 and Universal Router to improve our own products, optimizing gas costs, simplifying user transaction flows, and strengthening security. As we ideated, we realized that other applications could greatly benefit from integrating these contracts. Uniswap is committed to building public infrastructure that pushes crypto forward, which is why we designed these contracts to be used by the entire developer ecosystem, including extensive documentation, SDKs, and a two-week bug bounty.

## Permit2 - Efficient, consistent, and secure approvals

[Permit2](https://github.com/Uniswap/permit2) is a token approval contract that can safely share and manage token approvals across different smart contracts. As more projects integrate with Permit2, we can standardize token approvals across all applications. In turn, Permit2 will improve the user experience by reducing transaction costs while improving smart contract security.

Originally defined in [EIP-20](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-20), the canonical token approve method suffered from a couple of weaknesses:

1. Users had to send an approval transaction for each new application they wanted to use. This led to a confusing UX where users might be asked to send multiple transactions before using an application, wasting gas and time.

2. For convenience's sake, applications asked users to approve the maximum allowance, giving applications access to a wallet’s entire token balance for an indefinite amount of time. Though Uniswap has never suffered from an exploit, infinite approvals can be [hacked](https://medium.com/amber-group/exploiting-primitive-finances-approval-flaws-b86db031b4) to steal user tokens. ([PSA to revoke active allowances.](https://revoke.cash/))

[EIP-2612](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612) iterated on token approvals. Users could interact with application contracts without requiring prior approval by appending a signed permit message to their transaction. While EIP-2612 made token approves safer with granular allowance approvals, tokens launched before EIP-2612 did not support the permit function and not all newer tokens have adopted it.

### How Permit2 improves UX
Permit2 further iterates on the token approval mechanism by introducing signature-based approvals and transfers for any ERC20 token, regardless of EIP-2612 support. Permit2 also comes with a host of exciting features that unlock more secure token approval options and enable a more consistent user experience across any integrating application. The full list of features can be found in our [docs](https://docs.uniswap.org/protocol/permit2/overview), but notably:

1. **Permits for *any* token.** Applications can have a single transaction flow by sending a signature along with the transaction data for any token, including those not supporting a native permit method.

2. **Expiring approvals.** Approvals can be time-bound, removing security concerns around hanging approvals on a wallet’s entire token balance. Revoking approvals do not necessarily have to be a new transaction.

3. **Signature-based transfers.** Users can bypass setting allowances entirely by releasing tokens to a permissioned spender through a one-time signature.

4. **Batch approvals and transfers.** Users can set approvals on multiple tokens or execute multiple transfers with one transaction.

5. **Batch revoking allowances.** Remove allowances on any number of tokens and spenders in one transaction.

![diagram-1](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/1h776yrugZ1q5gbpKGP3xl/cb643db8e9e3936d82e20399574a742c/diagram-1.jpeg)

### Integrate Permit2

Permit2 is a non-upgradable, unowned, and [open-source](https://github.com/Uniswap/permit2) contract that has been deployed to the same [address](https://etherscan.io/address/0x000000000022D473030F116dDEE9F6B43aC78BA3) across Ethereum, Optimism, Arbitrum, Polygon, and Celo. To start integrating, see the [developer docs](https://docs.uniswap.org/protocol/permit2/overview), [SDK](https://github.com/uniswap/permit2-sdk), and this [guide](https://blog.uniswap.org/permit2-integration-guide).

As part of our robust smart contract development standards, we’ve also launched a [bug bounty](https://uniswap.org/bug-bounty) program for the Permit2 contracts.

Currently, Permit2 only supports ERC20 tokens. Uniswap Labs will be releasing a version for NFTs in the near future.

## Universal Router - Unified token and NFT swaps

We’ve integrated Permit2 into another exciting contract we’re releasing. The [Universal Router](https://github.com/Uniswap/universal-router) is Uniswap’s next-generation router that unifies token and NFT trades into a highly flexible, gas-optimized, secure, and extensible swap router. The Universal Router significantly improves product and user experience, which is why it will become the default swap router for all Uniswap swaps in the near future.

Swap routers take in defined parameters (e.g. swap route, maximum slippage, and swap recipient) and execute swaps against your desired venues (e.g. Uniswap pools, NFT marketplaces). Swap routers are optimized to find the lowest prices and execute them at the lowest gas cost.

However, current swap routers suffer from two inefficiencies:
* Existing swap routers typically only support either NFTs or ERC20 tokens. Trades that involve both currently require multiple transactions. For example, buying an NFT with an ERC20 token would require two separate transactions. First, a swap from DAI to ETH, and then the final swap from ETH to NFT.
* Because swap routers are responsible for transferring user tokens, users must approve every token on first use, making them costly to upgrade. This is especially problematic for aggregator swap routers as contracts must be redeployed each time a new protocol is supported.

### How Universal Router unifies swaps
With the Universal Router, users can execute multiple token swaps on Uniswap V2 & V3, and buy NFTs from multiple marketplaces all in one transaction. For example, envision a swap that
* Uses three different input tokens
* Swaps on Uniswap V2 and V3 using a split route
* Performs an ETH to WETH wrap
* Buys an NFT on OpenSea 

This entire flow can be executed as a single transaction.

![diagram-2](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/1yOwG7bNyNEhQIIYz1k8eZ/ab4a17b0fb8dbb792668efdb91a000ca/diagram-2.jpeg)

The Universal Router is integrated with Permit2, meaning that users approve with Permit2 and pass their signature through to the Universal Router, abstracting the token approval flow from the router contracts. Developers can deploy new versions of the Universal Router without requiring users to send a separate approval transaction each time. This allows the Universal Router - or any integrated contract - to remain immutable, while also allowing new features to be added in the future.

### Integrate Universal Router
The Universal Router is a non-upgradable, unowned, and [open-source](https://github.com/Uniswap/universal-router) contract that has been deployed across [Ethereum](https://etherscan.io/address/0xEf1c6E67703c7BD7107eed8303Fbe6EC2554BF6B), [Optimism](https://optimistic.etherscan.io/address/0xb555edF5dcF85f42cEeF1f3630a52A108E55A654), [Arbitrum](https://arbiscan.io/address/0x4C60051384bd2d3C01bfc845Cf5F4b44bcbE9de5), [Polygon](https://polygonscan.com/address/0x4C60051384bd2d3C01bfc845Cf5F4b44bcbE9de5), and [Celo](https://explorer.celo.org/mainnet/address/0xC73d61d192FB994157168Fb56730FdEc64C9Cb8F/transactions). To start integrating, see the [SDK](https://github.com/Uniswap/universal-router-sdk).

Similarly to Permit2, we are running a [bug bounty](https://uniswap.org/bug-bounty) program to keep Uniswap contracts to the highest security standards.

#### Acknowledgments
Uniswap Labs would like to thank [merklejerk](https://twitter.com/merklejerk) for his work on [permit-everywhere](https://github.com/merklejerk/permit-everywhere) which was the main inspiration for Permit2. We would also like to thank Paradigm’s [transmissions11](https://twitter.com/transmissions11) for his contributions and feedback on Permit2.

Uniswap Labs releases Permit2 to improve ERC20 token approvals across all applications and Universal Router to unify ERC20 and NFT swaps into a single router.

Introducing Permit2 & Universal Router

Web2 and web3 contrast philosophically across many lines, like censorship, security, and ownership. One crucial difference between the two is privacy. Ahead of several exciting upcoming releases, we’ve released [Uniswap Labs’ Privacy Policy](https://uniswap.org/privacy-policy) to explain how we protect user privacy and data.

With innovations around blockchain, web3 aims to reclaim users’ privacy and choice after decades of internet businesses that have eroded it. Uniswap Labs shares these values and is working to be a leader in this effort. That’s why we’re releasing a new Privacy Policy today – we want to be crystal clear about what data we’re protecting and how we use any data we collect. Transparency is key. We never want our users to be surprised.

### What's our commitment to privacy?

First and foremost, we do not collect and store personal data, such as first name, last name, street address, date of birth, email address, or IP address.

We are committed to making iterative improvements to our privacy and security practices. For example, we recently released a reverse proxy server that sits between user devices and any third-party tool. This prevents third-party tools from reading user data, adding an additional layer of protection.

We will continue to apply these policies to existing and future Uniswap Labs products.

### What data do we collect and why?

Our first priority is to protect user data and privacy while also making data-driven decisions that improve user experience. That includes public on-chain data and limited off-chain data like device type, browser version, etc. Because Uniswap Labs does not collect personal data, any vendors we work with do not have any personal data either.

Uniswap does not share your data with any third parties for marketing purposes.

Uniswap Labs takes measures to protect user privacy and data

Uniswap Labs’ Commitment to Privacy

New research about changes for Uniswap v3 TWAP Oracles in Proof of Stake

Uniswap v3 TWAP Oracles in Proof of Stake

_By [Hayden Adams](https://twitter.com/haydenzadams)_

When I built the Uniswap Protocol in 2018, it was an experiment to see if I could create something that fully embodied the values of Ethereum: transparent, secure, and accessible. Since then, it has grown and evolved in ways I never imagined. It’s supported $1.2 trillion in trading volume to date and has become critical public infrastructure for exchanging digital value.

Now, Uniswap Labs is bringing the powerful simplicity and security that has defined the Uniswap Protocol to even more people across the world by investing in our web app and developer tools, launching NFTs, moving into mobile — and more!

To support this growth, I’m so excited to announce that we’ve raised $165 million in Series B funding, led by Polychain Capital and with participation from longtime investors a16z crypto, Paradigm, SV Angel, and Variant.

As Uniswap Labs focuses on products, a much broader ecosystem continues to grow and thrive beyond what any one company can do on their own. As an example, the governance community recently voted to create the Uniswap Foundation, which will contribute to the Protocol’s decentralized development and give at least $60 million in grants to community projects over the next few years.

I’m so grateful for the support of our incredible community, users, investors, and team. And I can’t wait to share more in the months ahead!

Bringing Web3 to Everyone

Today, we’re launching a refresh of the Uniswap web app! It’s the same interface you know and love, with more token data, discovery, and search options so you can swap more easily.

Instead of hopping back and forth between charts and data sources, community resources, and project websites, you can now access the information you need to swap directly on our web app.

Check it out.

<Video source="//videos.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/47uz123W2RA7dYRnOrEJua/ccad8c83b877b8cb015b398002f2c66a/token-explore.mp4" description=" " />

You can do more, but it’s still as simple as ever.

- Tokens Tab: discover and compare all of the tokens available on the Uniswap web app in a new “Tokens” tab. Click into a token to see and analyze more details and indications of risk.
- Search: easily find and navigate to tokens across the Uniswap web app.
- User Support: open a support ticket with the click of a button (in addition to its extensive content library that users can access at any time).

This is the first of many changes we’re working on to help make web3 simpler, safer, and more powerful for both new and longtime users. The web interface is fully open-source, and you can check out the [GitHub repo here](https://github.com/Uniswap/interface).

We want to hear what you think! Join the Uniswap Discord channel to chat with the community and reach out to the Customer Experience team at [support.uniswap.org](http://support.uniswap.org/) with any questions.

---

To get involved and stay up to date:

- Join the Uniswap community [discord](https://discord.com/invite/FCfyBSbCU5)
- Follow Uniswap Labs on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/Uniswap)
- Register as a delegate on [Sybil](https://sybil.org/#/delegates/uniswap)
- Participate in Uniswap [governance](https://gov.uniswap.org/)
- Get support with our [Help Center](http://support.uniswap.org/)

Uniswap Team 🦄

Uniswap Labs unveils updated web interface.

Introducing the Refreshed Uniswap Web App

Just-in-time liquidity on the Uniswap Protocol

Just-In-Time Liquidity on the Uniswap Protocol

Uniswap Labs supports The Merge and does not have plans to support any forks in our web app. The move from proof of work (PoW) to proof of stake (PoS) serves as an important stepping stone to scaling the Ethereum ecosystem and to reducing its environmental footprint immediately. If you want to learn more about The Merge, check out Ethereum’s [announcement](https://blog.ethereum.org/2022/08/24/mainnet-merge-announcement).

**As a Uniswap Protocol user, you do not need to do anything.** The Uniswap Protocol will continue to work without issue through this transition. The web app ([app.uniswap.org](http://app.uniswap.org/)) will also continue to function, though if any of our third-party infrastructure providers (e.g. node providers) have downtime, some users may experience brief periods of unavailability.

For those of you building on top of Ethereum, we would like to share two PSAs to keep the web3 ecosystem as safe as possible:

## Change in Uniswap v3 TWAP oracle security

Uniswap v3 oracles were designed with PoW security tradeoffs in mind, where it’s predictably difficult for a single entity to mine multiple blocks in a row. In PoS, block producers are announced up front every epoch — which is 6 minutes long. This "look-ahead" means that the cost of manipulating two consecutive oracle values can be significantly lower than in PoW. As an example, the validator for block N could pay a premium in gas to control the last transaction in block N-1, knowing that they control the order of transactions in the next block. In the context of time weighted average price (TWAP) oracles, this would give them a window to manipulate by changing the price to a very high or low value to influence the average.

It’s worth noting that validators are selected randomly. However, a large validator pool can also randomly be selected to produce [two or more blocks in a row](https://alrevuelta.github.io/posts/ethereum-mev-multiblock). Given the size of some of the larger pools, this could be a frequent occurrence and also open up the ability for a validator to manipulate oracle prices by, again, predictably controlling two or more blocks in a row.

We recommend considering this additional attack vector when relying on TWAP oracle in Uniswap Protocol v3. If you are looking for workarounds, [Median Oracle implementation](https://github.com/euler-xyz/median-oracle) by the Euler team is a solid implementation to explore.

## Replayability for permits

[Permits](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612) are an alternative to approves — where a user can allow another contract to spend a token on their behalf. Permits save gas by skipping the approve step, allowing users to simply create a cryptographic signature off-chain indicating their consent.

However, some permit implementations (including DAI, USDC, UNI, and v2 LP tokens) include a hardcoded chain ID of 1 when signing a permit transaction. In the event of a chain fork, the new chain ID is ignored. This creates a novel signature replay vector, where a permit to allow a specific address to spend on a user’s behalf can be replayed on the forked chain.

For example, a permit signed for a Uniswap Router on ETH can be used for same router, deployed on the same address on ETHPoW. This is not a risk, as the Uniswap Router isn’t capable of moving any funds from your wallet without an additional authorizing transaction. However, if there was a malicious contract deployed on ETHPoW to _the same address_, it could reuse the signed permit from ETH to move funds on ETHPoW without user’s permission.

As always, we suggest only signing permits for contracts you trust. If you participate in ETHPoW, we suggest extra due diligence.

---

These are ultimately small issues and well worth navigating given the benefits to the overall ecosystem. We are excited and looking forward to The Merge!

What The Merge Means for the Uniswap Protocol

What To Know Ahead of The Merge

Build your first on chain integration with the Uniswap Protocol

Building Your First Uniswap Integration

_By [Noah Zinsmeister](https://twitter.com/NoahZinsmeister)_

Today, I'm pleased to announce that I've transferred ownership of [web3-react](https://github.com/Uniswap/web3-react) to Uniswap Labs. For the uninitiated, web3-react is a simple, maximally extensible, dependency minimized framework for building modern Ethereum dApps. The repository’s new home is now [Uniswap/web3-react](https://github.com/Uniswap/web3-react), though distribution will still be under the `@web3-react` npm organization. This is the culmination of a multi-year, ongoing integration, and I'm thrilled that my fellow engineers at Uniswap Labs will be able to take an ownership stake in one of the most widely used web3 frontend libraries — with the goal of leveling up the library in the long run.

When I first became interested in Ethereum in late 2017, I started a side project called [ProveIt](https://github.com/NoahZinsmeister/ProveIt). I had tons of fun brainstorming use cases for a public, immutable ledger, and writing my first smart contract. But I struggled to create even a rudimentary frontend for my project (though in the end, it [turned out okay](https://noahzinsmeister.github.io/ProveIt/)).

![proveit](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/5E4ASenvc2b5wCGYSgeKYd/3415d4ffab78fe70858e554b5d8a9438/proveit.png)

I quickly realized that I wasn't just a bad frontend developer — or at least that wasn't the only problem... Frontend tooling for dApps was in a sorry state, so in 2018 I set out to build what became [web3-webpacked](https://github.com/NoahZinsmeister/web3-webpacked), a "drop-in web3 solution for single-page Ethereum dApps". This experience quickly brought me to the boundaries of my technical knowledge, and while the library was beginning to pick up steam, I realized that a more elegant approach built on stronger foundations was warranted. This approach was the beginning of [web3-react](https://github.com/Uniswap/web3-react), which is still in use today and has nearly 4k stars on Github and over [300k monthly downloads](https://npm-stat.com/charts.html?package=%40web3-react%2Fcore&from=2020-01-01&to=2022-06-30).

![downloads per month](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/vblhpCaumIqjzVNPdiH7Z/5b34ce7b8dc5392dace955aa27b4cf7d/downloads_per_month.png)

web3-react was actually (indirectly) responsible for landing me my role at Uniswap, and my first official project was updating the Uniswap interface to use my library (which I completed in commit [#4e41391](https://github.com/Uniswap/interface/commit/4e413915f8fa3bfdda98c6d623dd35d207cda150)). This effort neatly separated the majority of wallet connection logic from app logic and offered easy access to a user's address and web3 connection throughout the codebase. This migration represented a big DevEx/UX improvement (at a time when dApps were regularly blocking interaction behind a required MetaMask popup!), and I was proud to have contributed, albeit in a small way, to the improvement of web3 developer tooling.

However, as the years went on, and wallet standards came and went, I was only able to give intermittent support to web3-react. Because I'd dogfooded the library, I always made an effort to keep it functional, but I occasionally fell behind the state of the art, as more and more of my time went into smart contract development.

Recently, I felt compelled to modernize the library in a v8 release, which is currently in a fully functional beta. This release dramatically improved performance and reduced developer friction, but it also included some breaking changes, and I quickly realized that as a solo maintainer I wasn't going to be able to offer the level of support and backwards compatibility that's required for a library used by applications with Uniswap's level of scale. By transferring ownership of web3-react to Uniswap Labs, we now have a much larger and more talented team dedicated to maintaining the library.

Being able to write and maintain open-source, copyleft code has always been a pleasure and an honor for me, and I'm excited for what this new chapter will bring to web3-react.

Download the repo [here](https://github.com/Uniswap/web3-react).

Engineering Lead, Noah Zinsmeister, transfers ownership of GitHub repo, web3-react, to Uniswap Labs

A New Chapter for web3-react

I’m a big believer in the transformative potential of web3. Blockchain technology has unlocked the ability to own and exchange exponentially more types of value. While critical pieces of infrastructure like the Uniswap Protocol are in place to bring this vision to reality, there is more work to be done to unlock the universal exchange of value on the internet and to build the best gateway to web3 for everyone.

We’re just at the beginning of the tokenization of everything. I believe Uniswap is perfectly positioned to make everything digital tradable and to build consumer products that bring the promise of fair, accessible markets to everyone on the internet. I’m thrilled to be joining this team as the VP of Product.

I’ve always been interested in the ways we interact with technology and how we can evolve it to improve our social and economic lives. It’s not enough to just build the pipes and rails of web3. We need to think about the best ways to make it simpler, safer, and more secure for the next 100M+ users to navigate. We can’t unlock universal ownership or make the global financial system more inclusive if we don’t have simple, high-craft user experiences built on top of web3 protocols. Uniswap Labs is at the center of this effort, and I’m excited to bring my experience building consumer products at scale – especially on mobile – to this exceptional team.

Most recently, I worked at Coinbase, where I led the teams responsible for a number of web3 and social discovery experiences across the Coinbase and Coinbase Wallet apps, including the recent Dapp Wallet and Browser launch. My time at Coinbase strengthened my belief in the transformative potential of crypto and the value of building simple, safe experiences that make it easy for millions of new people to discover the space.

Prior to Coinbase, I led Instagram’s Feed and Relevance organization and was responsible for Instagram’s content ranking algorithms as well as key product launches like Reels, Suggested Posts, and Interest Search. During my nine years at Meta, I led the development of many new mobile products and supported teams across Facebook, Instagram, and the company’s Creative Labs efforts (including the Moments app). Like Instagram, Uniswap places a huge emphasis on simplicity and craft in the product development process – something I have found rare in the web3 world.

After a decade at larger tech companies, I’m drawn to the challenge and opportunity of leading somewhere smaller and more entrepreneurial with tremendous potential to grow over the next decade. As a native New Yorker, I think there’s no better place to build this future than right here in New York City, alongside Hayden, MC, Cal, Chad, and Uniswap Labs’ talented team. We’re still growing, so please [reach out](https://boards.greenhouse.io/uniswaplabs) if you’re interested in joining us!

---

To get involved and stay up to date:

- Join the Uniswap community [discord](https://discord.com/invite/FCfyBSbCU5)
- Follow Uniswap Labs on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/Uniswap)
- Subscribe to the Uniswap Labs [blog](https://uniswap.org/rss.xml)
- Register as a delegate on [Sybil](https://sybil.org/#/delegates/uniswap)
- Participate in Uniswap [governance](https://gov.uniswap.org/)

Uniswap Team 🦄

Will Ruben joins Uniswap Labs as VP of Product

Welcome Will Ruben as VP of Product

In pursuit of our mission to unlock universal ownership and exchange, today we're expanding our products to include both ERC-20s and NFTs. We’re excited to announce that we’ve acquired [Genie](https://www.genie.xyz/), the first NFT marketplace aggregator, which lets anyone discover and trade NFTs across most platforms.

NFTs will be integrated into our products, starting with the Uniswap web app, where soon you’ll be able to buy and sell NFTs across all major marketplaces. We’ll also integrate NFTs into our developer APIs and widgets, making Uniswap a comprehensive platform for users and builders in web3.

<Video source="//videos.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/2KYTfjSXYMvgwhzq2Sr2jJ/f9506d7a1dfda80c5ca22a3b332c0a01/genie.mp4" description=" " />

This isn’t our first foray into NFTs. In Spring 2019, we launched [Unisocks](https://unisocks.exchange/), the first instance of NFT liquidity pools, and of NFTs backed by real world assets. Our work on [Uniswap v3 NFT positions](https://twitter.com/haydenzadams/status/1390042372709486592) helped pioneer on-chain generative SVGs. We see NFTs as another format for value in the growing digital economy—not a separate ecosystem from ERC20s—and they’re already an important gateway to web3.

Consistent with the web3 ethos, we’re sharing some of the value with historical Genie users through a USDC airdrop. The airdrop will launch in August and be claimable for up to 12 months, based on a snapshot that has already been taken. Stay tuned for more details.

As the world’s largest decentralized exchange protocol, Uniswap is a simple and safe place to access the benefits of digital ownership, offering deeper liquidity than leading centralized exchanges. We’re excited to bring what we’ve learned building DeFi products to NFTs, giving even more people access to digital ownership and value.

![screen](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/7Ax9j0lNkHNClA8O6gtn3A/d42f6260bbfb91e61aac70511a132d1d/screen.png)

---

To get involved and stay up to date:

- Join the Uniswap community [discord](https://discord.com/invite/FCfyBSbCU5)
- Follow Uniswap Labs on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/Uniswap)
- Register as a delegate on [Sybil](https://sybil.org/#/delegates/uniswap)
- Participate in Uniswap [governance](https://gov.uniswap.org/)

Uniswap Team
🦄

---

*This acquisition was made by Uniswap Labs and has no impact on the Uniswap Protocol, Uniswap Governance, or the UNI token. Genie users will continue to have uninterrupted service to the Genie website until the new Uniswap NFT experience is available.*

Uniswap Labs acquires Genie, the first NFT marketplace aggregator

Gm, NFT Frens - Uniswap Labs Has Acquired Genie

Research demonstrating when passive LP position fees outperform on Uniswap v3 compared to v2

Uniswap v3 Returns More Fees for Passive LPs

_By [Salman Banaei](https://twitter.com/salmanbanaei)_

I’ve committed my entire career to making markets work better. From my early days working in public service in the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), to leading Regulatory Affairs and Blockchain at IHS Markit (n/k/a S&P Global) and then Public Policy at Chainalysis, the common thread through my career has been a mission to make markets safer, more resilient, and more transparent – for everyone and especially the broader public.

That’s why I’m so excited to become the Head of Policy at Uniswap Labs, which shares this same mission that has motivated me for decades.

Looking back, it was the 2008 financial crisis that set in motion two chain reactions that converge in my new role at Uniswap Labs. The first was the public policy response to the global financial crisis – notably the 2010 Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act– and its goal to reform the markets that had failed the public during the crisis. These regulations aimed to democratize markets, increase investor protection, and reduce systemic risk. At the CFTC, I led Dodd-Frank teams implementing reforms to the US derivatives markets, introducing rules to increase their transparency, competitiveness, and stability.

My contributions were recognized by the then-Chairman, who awarded me the Staff Excellence Award. In my final years at the CFTC, I helped negotiate a number of financial reforms as Senior Counsel and Policy Advisor to the late Commissioner Bart Chilton.

The second chain reaction was the technological response to the crisis, particularly Satoshi Nakamoto’s Bitcoin white paper, which set a blueprint for more inclusive and frictionless financial services. I was intrigued by the potential for trustless finance to reduce the reliance on opaque, rent-seeking middlemen while empowering innovators and individuals. Bitcoin was the first decentralized finance (DeFi) protocol, as it consciously created decentralized payments relying on no trusted intermediaries. Subsequent DeFi protocols have shown the potential to reduce barriers to entry while addressing long-established financial policy goals of investor protection, fair competition, market integrity, transparency, and financial stability. Over the next decade, DeFi may also play an essential role in the merger of digital assets and traditional finance.

Uniswap Labs is situated right at the heart of it – reflecting Dodd-Frank’s goal to democratize markets and Nakomoto’s goal to reduce the frictions in transferring value. The Uniswap Protocol, which Labs helped create, has been a breakthrough invention that can accomplish what we tried so hard to implement at the CFTC across a range of Dodd-Frank reforms. Like internet protocols before it, the true potential of this technology can only be realized with constructive and engaged public sector leadership.

At Uniswap Labs, I’m excited to engage with policymakers and others worldwide to establish clear rules of the road so that we can realize the common goals of the public sector and innovators like Satoshi Nakomoto and Hayden Adams. Policymakers and innovators must work together to build a more inclusive, competitive, democratic, resilient, and secure financial system – one where markets work better for everyone.

---

To get involved and stay up to date:

- Join the Uniswap community [discord](https://discord.com/invite/FCfyBSbCU5)
- Follow Uniswap Labs on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/Uniswap)
- Subscribe to the Uniswap Labs [blog](https://uniswap.org/rss.xml)
- Register as a delegate on [Sybil](https://sybil.org/#/delegates/uniswap)
- Participate in Uniswap [governance](https://gov.uniswap.org/)

Uniswap Team 🦄

Salman Banaei joins Uniswap Labs as Head of Policy

Welcome Salman Banaei as Head of Policy

New research shows that Uniswap v3 has deeper liquidity than leading centralized exchanges.

The Dominance of Uniswap v3 Liquidity

Uniswap Labs develops products we hope have a positive impact on people’s lives. 

For years, the App has blocked addresses on the OFAC sanctions list. Now, with the help of [TRM Labs](https://www.trmlabs.com/) and as part of our ongoing risk management, we are blocking wallet addresses associated with illicit activity, such as stolen funds or ransomware, from interacting with the Uniswap Labs App. Though these addresses make up a miniscule percentage of users, we intend to limit harmful activity.  

Given the Uniswap Protocol’s decentralized and open-source nature, we do not control users’ access to it via any portal other than our own app. For more information, check out our [Help Center](https://help.uniswap.org/en/articles/6149816).

---
To get involved and stay up to date:

- Join the Uniswap community [discord](https://discord.com/invite/FCfyBSbCU5)
- Follow Uniswap Labs on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/Uniswap)
- Subscribe to the Uniswap Labs [blog](https://uniswap.org/blog)
- Register as a delegate on [Sybil](https://sybil.org/#/delegates/uniswap)
- Participate in Uniswap [governance](https://gov.uniswap.org/)

Uniswap Team 🦄

Uniswap Labs Address Screening Update

Today, we’re thrilled to announce the launch of the Swap Widget. The Swap Widget bundles the whole Uniswap experience into a single React component that developers can easily embed in their app with one line of code.

We envision a world in which everyone is able to access fair, open, and transparent markets. The Swap Widget brings this vision closer to reality by allowing developers to easily embed Uniswap swapping functionality, allowing their users to seamlessly swap tokens, join a community or DAO, wrap assets, and more, without leaving their apps.

![swap-widget-color](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/6gyuF38uZALpwav6Bvojaf/aa56e1347a7377cfeca6c88c4ba1ab97/color.gif) 

We’re excited to launch the Swap Widget in some of web3’s most popular apps — [OpenSea](https://opensea.io/), [Friends With Benefits](https://www.fwb.help/), and [Oasis.app](https://oasis.app/).

On OpenSea, NFT collectors can seamlessly swap tokens for WETH or wrap ETH to WETH to fund their next purchase on the fly, without leaving the app. On FWB, approved community members can easily purchase the FWB tokens they need to join the DAO on the FWB homepage. And on Oasis.app, investors can deploy their crypto into DeFi.

## Swap Widget Features

The Swap Widget bundles the whole Uniswap experience into a single component. This includes several powerful features:

- **Polished UI:** the Widget inherits the Uniswap App’s design practices, smooth animations, and error handling
- **Customizable:** tailor the colors, font, and rounded corners to match your app’s visual identity
- **Custom token lists:** select the tokens that appear in the Swap Widget to meet your user’s needs
- **Great pricing:** the Swap Widget bundles Uniswap Labs’ Auto Router to find the best price across Uniswap v2 + v3 token pools
- **Low gas on L2:** the Swap Widget supports all chains where Uniswap protocol is available, including Polygon, Arbitrum, and Optimism

## Integrate the Swap Widget today

The Widget is now available for all developers, and can be embedded into your app with only **one line of code**.

To start integrating, see the [developer docs](https://docs.uniswap.org/sdk/widgets/swap-widget).

Join the [Discord channel](https://discord.gg/XhkTDxFK) for questions and technical support.

As always, the Swap Widget is fully open source. You can check out the [GitHub repo here](https://github.com/Uniswap/interface).

---

To get involved and stay up to date:

- Join the Uniswap community [discord](https://discord.com/invite/FCfyBSbCU5)
- Follow Uniswap Labs on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/Uniswap)
- Subscribe to the Uniswap Labs [blog](https://uniswap.org/rss.xml)
- Register as a delegate on [Sybil](https://sybil.org/#/delegates/uniswap)
- Participate in Uniswap [governance](https://gov.uniswap.org/)

Uniswap Team
🦄

Embed the Uniswap experience with one line of code!

Introducing the Swap Widget

Today, we’re thrilled to announce the launch of Uniswap Labs Ventures.

At Uniswap Labs our goal is to unlock universal ownership and exchange for everyone, starting with bringing millions of people into the emerging web3 economy. We’re proud of the foundational products and infrastructure we’ve built so far and are excited for the journey ahead. But, we know that no team can achieve this mission alone.

Uniswap Labs Ventures will invest in teams at different stages and levels of the web3 stack, from infrastructure to developer tools and consumer-facing applications. We’re also focused on investing in projects that are closely aligned with our values: building for the long term, collaborating openly with communities, and putting users first. 

As a crypto-native development team, we’re uniquely positioned to support the teams we invest in as they launch and grow. We’re excited to leverage our experience to help these teams build and scale across strategy, product, partnerships, engineering, and design. 

Additionally, as members of the Uniswap Protocol community, we’re acutely aware of the importance of responsible protocol governance. So, our Ventures team will actively participate in on and off-chain governance when relevant, collaborating with the communities that have formed around the protocols we invest in to support their evolution. So far, we plan to participate in the governance systems of the MakerDAO, Aave, Compound and Ethereum Name Service protocols.

Teo Leibowitz will drive our efforts as Ventures Lead alongside our Chief Operating Officer, MC Lader.

We’ve already been fortunate to invest in 11 companies and several native protocols across the web3 ecosystem—here are a few: 

**[Tenderly](https://tenderly.co/)** 
As a best-in-class Ethereum developer platform, Tenderly is a key entry point for developers experimenting with web3. Their success will drive the growth of web3 as a whole, bringing more easy-to-use and secure applications to market and ultimately more users into the ecosystem.

**[LayerZero](https://layerzero.network/)** 
As protocols like Uniswap continue to be deployed across different blockchains, the security and design of the bridges which bring these blockchains together will undergo growing scrutiny and become increasingly important. LayerZero is the category leader in the bridge sector and will help drive protocols towards a multi-chain future.

**[MakerDAO](https://makerdao.com/en/)** 
The credit facility behind the market-leading decentralized stablecoin DAI, MakerDAO is a foundational piece of DeFi infrastructure. The MakerDAO community also continues to lead the way in establishing best practices around governance, mechanism design, and smart contract security. 

**[Aave](https://aave.com/)** 
Decentralized money market, Aave, is an essential part of the DeFi economy, providing asset owners seamless access to passive yield opportunities and borrowers the opportunity to draw liquidity from their crypto holdings. The Aave community has set precedent for cross-chain expansion and continuously innovates on features ranging from exotic asset support to on-chain identity. decentralized money market

**[Compound Protocol](https://compound.finance/)** 
The first decentralized money market on Ethereum, the Compound Protocol has since served as a pioneering force across risk management and on-chain governance design. In recent months, the Compound Protocol has been integrated by institutional products including Fireblocks and Coinbase Custody alongside leading consumer-facing applications, Argent, Crypto.com, and Zapper.

**[PartyDAO](https://party.mirror.xyz/)** 
PartyDAO is the decentralized software organization behind PartyBid, a platform for communities to pool funds together to collectively purchase NFTs. Sitting at the intersection between decentralized capital formation, NFTs, and social coordination, PartyBid transforms the Web3 experience from an individual pursuit into a community initiative. 

If you’re building something new and think Uniswap Labs can help, we’d love to hear from you at [ventures@uniswap.org](mailto:ventures@uniswap.org). 

---

To get involved and stay up to date:

- Join the Uniswap community [discord](https://discord.com/invite/FCfyBSbCU5)
- Follow Uniswap Labs on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/Uniswap)
- Subscribe to the Uniswap Labs [blog](https://uniswap.org/rss.xml)
- Register as a delegate on [Sybil](https://sybil.org/#/delegates/uniswap)
- Participate in Uniswap [governance](https://gov.uniswap.org/)

Uniswap Team
🦄

Announcing the launch of Uniswap Labs Ventures.

Uniswap Labs Ventures

*By [Chad DePue](https://twitter.com/chaddepue)*

The promise of crypto has fascinated me for years. In 2010, I was living in South America and saw early on that it could not only make the transfer of value much easier but also revolutionize the world for the better. Still, I never found the right opportunity to follow through on that passion in a professional capacity – until now. I couldn’t be more excited to be joining Uniswap Labs as VP of Engineering.

At Snap, I led engineering for several of the most popular in-app experiences, including Games, Snap Minis, Music and Messaging, which connects hundreds of millions of our users to one another every day. I also helped build out the Developer Tools team, which empowers developers to build delightful and immersive experiences within their own applications, and the Abuse team to ensure our users could enjoy using Snap safely. In each of these areas we built thinking first and foremost about the needs of the user, many of whom lead very different lives. This kind of thinking will be required for web3 to reach its full transformative potential.

There are two big reasons why I’m so excited to join the Uniswap Labs team. The first is Hayden. When you meet Hayden, you quickly realize he’s one of those rare people with the vision and intelligence required to make a huge impact, and the determination and humility to do the hard work to get there. He’s committed to building things that are good for society and building them the right way. Uniswap Labs’ values are putting people first, building to last, and collaborating with an open and motivated community. Strong leadership from people like Hayden, grounded in an inclusive vision and moral commitment, will be crucial for web3 to reach the next wave of users.

The second reason is the endless opportunity that lies before us in web3. A lot of infrastructure still needs to be built. I’ve spent years building developer tools with innovators and creators and enjoy the challenge of bringing products from zero to one. Uniswap may be a household name for crypto-natives, but the broader culture is just getting to know us. Each of us wants to make an impact with our work, but innovators in web3 today have an opportunity to affect entire industries – and the world.

I couldn’t be more thrilled to bring my experience building simple, secure, and seamless products (including mobile 👀) to the Uniswap Labs team.

---

To get involved and stay up to date:

- Join the Uniswap community [discord](https://discord.com/invite/FCfyBSbCU5)
- Follow Uniswap Labs on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/Uniswap)
- Subscribe to the Uniswap Labs [blog](https://uniswap.org/rss.xml)
- Register as a delegate on [Sybil](https://sybil.org/#/delegates/uniswap)
- Participate in Uniswap [governance](https://gov.uniswap.org/)

Uniswap Team
🦄

Chad DePue joins Uniswap Labs as VP of Engineering!

Welcome Chad DePue as VP of Engineering

We believe users should access Web3 on chains with properties that are important to them. That’s why we’re excited the Uniswap community [voted to deploy v3 on Polygon](https://app.uniswap.org/#/vote/2/10) – just as [the community suggested Arbitrum](https://gov.uniswap.org/t/deploy-uniswap-v3-to-arbitrum-mainnet/12451) earlier last year. The Polygon deployment is the 4th chain for v3 after Mainnet, Optimism, and Arbitrum and has given users access to even faster transactions, even lower gas fees, and more applications. As the community considers deploying to additional networks, we want to share some lessons learned and thoughts on cross-chain deployments.

We believe that community members should be able to more easily signal support for, and approve, cross-chain Uniswap Protocol deployments. So today, we have publicly released the [deployment script and documentation](https://github.com/Uniswap/deploy-v3#deploy-uniswap-v3-script) outlining how to deploy Uniswap Protocol v3 to other chains. (The Uniswap Labs team is available to answer technical questions in the governance forum and in our weekly Developer Office Hours soon) We’ve also [proposed simplifications of the community governance process](https://gov.uniswap.org/t/proposed-revisions-to-the-uniswap-governance-process/15906) that can guide future cross-chain proposals from the community. And we’re exploring the UI to create proposals to make adding exemptions to the v3 license file easier. We welcome input and feedback on these suggested simplifications.

When evaluating a Uniswap v3 deployment, we encourage the community to pay close attention to the security and trust assumptions of the bridge being used to relay governance to that chain. Uniswap Governance contracts live on L1 Ethereum, so when the Protocol is deployed to a new network, UNI holders need a bridge contract to govern the Protocol on that network. Few networks offer general trust-minimized bridges that support arbitrary message passing. Without those bridges, the Uniswap community would rely on either trusted bridges or multi-sigs to handle governance updates, which could affect the Protocol’s existing security guarantees.

We expect cross-chain experiences to play a large part in growth and user experience improvement this year. As the multi-chain world continues to develop, more bridges will be developed or updated to support bridging governance actions from Ethereum Mainnet. We’re excited to see where the community takes the Protocol next.

Strengthening the community-driven approach to cross-chain deployment

Multichain Uniswap

Developing tools to strengthen DAO governance is critical to robust decentralization. Today, we’re excited to share a new effort toward that goal. In collaboration with Scopelift, we are releasing [Seatbelt](https://github.com/Uniswap/governance-seatbelt), a test suite for governance proposals. Seatbelt can be used by any DAO using Governor Bravo, the governance contracts facilitating DAOs like Uniswap and Compound Protocols. This initial release includes several basic checks (listed below) and generates reports on proposals prior to votes for the Community’s review so that delegates and token-holders have the critical information they need for their decisions. Over time, through collaboration with the Uniswap Protocol community and other communities that can benefit from its development, we hope Seatbelt becomes more comprehensive.

When the Uniswap Protocol DAO upgraded to Governor Bravo last August, a minor bug was found and fixed. We wrote about it [here](https://twitter.com/haydenzadams/status/1432496726779256832).
There was no impact to the Protocol or DAO, but it was an important reminder that governance proposals are often one-way paths and require more infrastructural support to back up security reviews.

At launch, Seatbelt will check Ethereum for new proposals every hour, run a series of checks on all active proposals and publish reports in a GitHub repo for anyone to review. For example, a Seatbelt report on Compound proposal 80 can be found [here](https://github.com/Uniswap/governance-seatbelt/blob/reports/Compound/0xc0Da02939E1441F497fd74F78cE7Decb17B66529/80.md).

These checks will:

- List all referenced addresses - any address that’s touched by this proposal’s execution
- Confirm all contracts referenced by the proposal are verified on Etherscan
- List all state changes and events resulting from the proposal execution

Soon, through continued collaboration, we hope that Seatbelt will also support:

- Showing compiler warnings in referenced contracts
- Results from running static analysis tools against the verified smart contracts
- Simulating proposals locally to identify issues before proposals are submitted on chain

We look forward to working with the Uniswap Community and other communities to continue to improve DAO governance.


Introducing Governance Seatbelt, a tool for safer and more informed governance proposals

Adding a “Seatbelt” to Secure Governance Proposals

Today, we’re releasing a series of features to improve pricing and optimize gas cost of swaps:

- An updated Auto Router that finds the best price across Uniswap v2 + v3 while optimizing for gas prices
- Auto Router support for Uniswap Protocol on Layer 2 Networks
- Real-time gas estimates on your swap
- Smarter auto slippage

We’re also releasing the full Auto Router to the community as a convenient npm package and sharing new developer tools:

- Auto Router npm package
- Atomic swap + add liquidity
- Oracle-based slippage

The updated Auto Router improves trade prices even further by routing trades across both Uniswap v2 and v3 pools. It also finds the best price across all Uniswap protocols, and optimizes gas costs in the process, so you never have to worry about which version you’re using.

In addition, starting today the Auto Router supports all of the Uniswap Protocol’s Layer 2 networks: Optimistic Ethereum and Arbitrum. The combination of highly efficient trade pricing of the Auto Router with the low gas costs of a Layer 2 network, delivers a cheaper trading experience than ever before.

To help you make informed decisions about gas costs, we’re also excited to announce gas cost estimates in the Uniswap App. You will now see a USD estimate of the gas fee before submitting a swap, so you can wait for the right moment to trade.

Finally, we’re releasing two new capabilities for Uniswap developers. The first is called ‘Swap-and-add liquidity’ which allows you to provide liquidity with one asset instead of two by automatically swapping to the right ratio. The second is slippage limits relative to v3’s time-weighted-average-price feeds.

## Gas Aware Route Splitting Across v2 and v3

In September, we [launched](https://uniswap.org/blog/auto-router) the Auto Router, a smart order routing algorithm that splits trades across multiple Uniswap v3 pools while accounting for gas costs.

The Auto Router has been a major win for Uniswap v3 users: our analysis shows that the Auto Router improves pricing for 13.97% of all trades and 36.84% of trades between the Top 10 tokens by TVL.

While Uniswap v3 has grown to over $3b in daily trade, Uniswap v2 remains a large liquidity venue on Ethereum, with over $700m in volume.

The Auto Router now splits trades across both v2 and v3 liquidity pools to find the best price across both these industry-leading protocols. Additionally, trades on v2 can be split across up to seven paths to take advantage of liquidity depth in different pools. The Auto Router is also gas-aware and will only take an extra hop or split if it results in a better net rate for you.

In the example below, the new Auto Router finds a +0.64% better price quote by splitting the trade across both Uniswap v2 and v3 liquidity.

![auto-router-v2-split-1](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/5iQ4aDAz4uJ5XV5ArFxn3W/092feae2b3fb48440d60a37e9bf95ad8/split-1.png)

These improvements are made possible by a new SwapRouter contract which will require new ERC-20 token approvals. In order to save gas fees, the app will compare the older router price to the new router price, and only use the new router if it offers a better price.

By default, the App uses a Uniswap Labs hosted instance of the Auto Router to efficiently compute your route with low latency. For those who wish to remove this dependency, you can disable the Auto Router API in settings to compute your route locally in the browser, with slightly higher latency.

## Layer 2 Network Support

The Auto Router is now available on all networks where Uniswap Protocol is deployed: Optimistic Ethereum and Arbitrum. This makes trading on these networks even more efficient than before.

## Real Time Gas Estimates

Gas prices have increased over the past few months and knowing the right time to submit a transaction can be difficult. We’re excited to launch an estimated gas cost feature, allowing you to monitor the true cost of a swap in real time directly from the App interface.

![auto-router-v2-trade](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/4TC9XB7oRgSBWpEY6JqVao/25756a986c284f1266e1c4d936c78059/trade-gif.gif)

## Smarter Auto Slippage

We’re using these gas estimates to get smarter about slippage, too. Historically, the App has defaulted to 0.5% slippage because in many cases you’re better off re-submitting a transaction that fails due to high slippage. But if you’re trading smaller amounts, high gas fees often make resubmission too costly.

The Uniswap App will now automatically set slippage based on your expected gas cost and trade size. For smaller trades, the App will adjust slippage tolerance to improve the chance of the transaction succeeding. As always, you can manually set your slippage limits in the App settings.

# For Developers

## Auto Router npm Package

The above improvements are made possible by the open-source Auto Router. In order to help more developers take advantage of these capabilities, we are today launching an npm package to quickly import the Auto Router in your project. Read this [developer guide](https://docs.uniswap.org/contracts/v2/reference/smart-contracts/router-02) to get started with the [@uniswap/smart-order-router](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@uniswap/smart-order-router) package.

## SwapRouter02.sol Contract

The new SwapRouter02.sol contract has been [deployed](https://etherscan.io/address/0x68b3465833fb72A70ecDF485E0e4C7bD8665Fc45) and is fully [open source](https://github.com/Uniswap/swap-router-contracts/blob/main/contracts/SwapRouter02.sol). Check out the code on [GitHub](https://github.com/Uniswap/swap-router-contracts).

## Swap and Add

The new router contract now offers an atomic ‘swap-and-add’ function that makes it possible to provide liquidity with only one of the asset’s in the pool, or any ratio of the two assets.

In order to add liquidity to a Uniswap v3 pool, the user or contract must provide two assets in a particular ratio. In many cases, the user only holds a single asset or an arbitrary ratio of the two assets. This means you often have some tokens left over after adding liquidity. A simple approach is to submit a swap transaction to reach the optimal ratio and then submit an add liquidity transaction -- but your swap (and other transactions in between) will have changed the optimal ratio!

The new SwapRouter makes it possible to swap and then add liquidity in a single atomic transaction. The smart-order-router npm package even includes a function to compute the optimal ratio and transaction calldata. Check out this new [developer guide](https://docs.uniswap.org/contracts/v2/reference/smart-contracts/router-02) to learn how to swap-and-add in your project today.

This is available to developers today and coming soon to the Uniswap App.

## Oracle Slippage

The new router also allows you to limit the relative price impact of trades as measured against v3 oracles, not just the current state of on-chain liquidity. For example, a user swapping ETH for USDC could specify that their swap can only execute within one percentage point of the five minute ETH/USDC time-weighted average price. This mitigates MEV and sandwich attacks for safe, automated, permissionless trading. Check out the [OracleSlippage.sol](https://github.com/Uniswap/swap-router-contracts/blob/main/contracts/base/OracleSlippage.sol) contract for more detail.

We’re excited for you to enjoy smarter swaps in the Uniswap App and to hear about your experience using the new features.

---

To get involved and stay up to date:

- Join the Uniswap community [discord](https://discord.com/invite/FCfyBSbCU5)
- Follow Uniswap Labs on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/Uniswap)
- Subscribe to the Uniswap Labs [blog](https://uniswap.org/rss.xml)
- Register as a delegate on [Sybil](https://sybil.org/#/delegates/uniswap)
- Participate in Uniswap [governance](https://gov.uniswap.org/)

Uniswap Team 🦄

Auto Router V2: Better Pricing with support for Uniswap V2, Layer 2 Networks, and Gas Estimates

Auto Router V2

Today, we're incredibly excited to share proposed new branding for the Uniswap Protocol.

And, over the coming week, we’ll be hosting a community call to discuss the creative process and also soliciting feedback through the governance forum.

# Visually Distinguishing Labs from Protocol

Since its inception, the unicorn logo has been a steadfast marker of the spirit of Uniswap. But as the Uniswap ecosystem has grown, the need for a more robust graphic toolkit to express and distinguish the ecosystem’s many facets has become apparent.

In particular, separate visual identities will clarify the distinction between the Uniswap Protocol and Uniswap Labs to the Uniswap community and external observers, further defining the function, responsibilities, and governance of each. The two are sometimes confused with each other, but in practice they are entirely separate things: the Uniswap Protocol is the set of on-chain, immutable smart contracts that facilitate peer-to-peer trading, while Uniswap Labs refers to the software development studio that builds and maintains products generally adjacent to the Protocol. Uniswap Labs is one of hundreds of companies that builds products on top of the Protocol and may someday build products further afield from the Protocol.

# Designing a new mark

Graphic designer Timothy Luke, who worked with Uniswap Grants to develop its logo system, drew the new Protocol mark. His ornate, futuristic sensibility felt like the perfect fit for depicting a crypto-powered unicorn.

The final logo-set consists of 4 variations based on size:

![brand-update-protocol](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/5jiPPBCbbmesOh0HShPZ6J/334ab64df91c51fdd378086090ee2fe9/protocol.png)

Luke also developed a mark for Uniswap Labs, using the atomic parts of the glimmer and shield. Compared to the ornate unicorn logo, the mark for Labs is more neutral, representing an organization that has a connection to, but is separate from, the Protocol.

![brand-update-labs](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/78ntmOxiNIZKYV6ofYdHp9/720b774320ec289a7dd4940c7677c801/labs.png)

The final result is a cohesive system of marks that symbolizes the relationship between Uniswap Protocol, Uniswap Labs, and Uniswap Grants Program. We’re blown away by the vision Luke has brought to life, and we hope you’re just as excited.

![brand-update-family](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/6Q6ZtTAELln2J32ScRu5Kv/41c360f332d259e5d5ac3fc98b824d2d/family.png)

# An on-chain brand

We are taking steps to be the first organization to bring their brand fully on chain.

Once the community has settled on branding, the Protocol logos will be generated as NFTs and sent to the Uniswap governance treasury. Community members may use the logos as they see fit under the rights set out by Uniswap Labs’ [Trademark Guidelines](https://uniswap.org/trademark).

# Request for Comment

The Uniswap community is invited to contribute comments and propose changes to the redesign before it goes live through a thread on the Governance forum.

On Wednesday, November 10th at 1pm ET, the Labs design team will share a presentation, describing the inspiration for the new branding and providing additional context on the creative process, before opening up the floor to community discussion. (Details for the presentation call will be posted on the Uniswap Labs Twitter account and in the governance forum thread.)

We’re thrilled to share these updates and look forward to hearing your thoughts over the coming week.

Details for community feedback can be found on the [forum post](https://gov.uniswap.org/t/uniswap-protocol-brand-update-request-for-comment/14822).

---

To get involved and stay up to date:

- Join the Uniswap community [discord](https://discord.com/invite/FCfyBSbCU5)
- Follow Uniswap Labs on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/Uniswap)
- Subscribe to the Uniswap Labs [blog](https://uniswap.org/rss.xml)
- Register as a delegate on [Sybil](https://sybil.org/#/delegates/uniswap)
- Participate in Uniswap [governance](https://gov.uniswap.org/)

Uniswap Team
🦄

Uniswap Brand Update, an overview of the new Uniswap brand.

Uniswap Brand Update

Today, we are excited to share some recent features and improvements to the Uniswap ecosystem:

- Layer 2 Beta (Improved UX!)
- Developer Guides
- Help Center
- EIP-1559 Support
- ENS on Sybil

# Layer 2 Beta

The Uniswap v3 deployments on Optimistic Ethereum and Arbitrum are ready to graduate from Alpha to Beta.

We’re excited to release the network selector dropdown in the Uniswap App! Starting with today’s Beta release, users can seamlessly access all supported networks directly in the Uniswap App.

![product-update-2-network-selector](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/11OGK7VXKLxs3cMqArbHJY/9d12fcecea90e7c72d520ed33d46d080/network_selector.gif)

We’ve also released a fast confirmation UX to showcase the lightning speed of Layer 2 networks!

![product-update-2-fast-confirmation](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/5eopT7KJU5ThNdXy3UT50T/45ed26c657bfdf00382a75b1905c6894/fast_confirmation.gif)

Lastly, as a precautionary measure, we’ve implemented downtime detection so the Uniswap App will report liveness of the network.

![product-update-2-downtime-alert](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/tIgcKZ73qIJGyXOfnqCe5/f68d76d34acb4b99a2c08bc9e8faae2b/downtime_alert.png)

The early successes of Optimistic Ethereum and Arbitrum have been incredibly promising. We’re excited to offer a better experience in the Uniswap App and hope it will invite more users to experiment with L2 networks.

**Optimistic Ethereum** - Since launching Uniswap v3 on [Optimistic Ethereum](https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-optimism-alpha/) two months ago, total value locked ([TVL](https://info.uniswap.org/#/optimism/)) has steadily grown to $35M. Over the past 30 days alone, 49,000 unique addresses have generated $165m volume across 158k trades, regularly saving up to 25x on swap costs relative to L1!

We want to highlight that the Optimistic Ethereum network will undergo a [‘Regenesis’](https://medium.com/ethereum-optimism/the-future-of-optimistic-ethereum-7f22d987331). Both Uniswap Labs and the Optimism team will provide further reminders and notices as we get closer to the Regenesis event.

**Arbitrum** - Uniswap v3 was deployed on Arbitrum on [June 2](https://github.com/Uniswap/uniswap-interface/pull/1716) following a community [snapshot](https://snapshot.org/#/uniswap/proposal/Qmehop1NNWP9VEf7tGLEAYRphVsXtdxkL7oKEhaXL2Xao6) vote. The network [officially opened](https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-arbitrum-alpha/) to the public on August 31 and adoption has quickly soared: over the past two weeks, the Arbitrum deployment has seen over $345M [trade volume](https://info.uniswap.org/#/arbitrum/) on $39M [TVL](https://info.uniswap.org/#/optimism/)!

Although user funds were never at risk, the Arbitrum sequencer [experienced 45 minutes of downtime](https://medium.com/offchainlabs/arbitrum-one-outage-report-d365b24d49c) on September 14. We want to remind users that further outages are still possible as the Arbitrum network continues to find its feet. Nevertheless, we believe that the limited extent and severity of issues to date warrants cautiously moving the Uniswap v3 deployment to Beta status.

# Developer Guides

We are committed to educating developers and making the Uniswap protocol more accessible to all with informative developer docs and guides.

To that end, we have published six new developer guides:

- Smart Contract Guides
  - [How to Swap](https://docs.uniswap.org/protocol/guides/swaps/single-swaps)
  - [How to Provide Liquidity](https://docs.uniswap.org/protocol/guides/providing-liquidity/setting-up)
  - [How to Create a Liquidity Mining program](https://docs.uniswap.org/contracts/v3/guides/liquidity-mining/overview)
- Javascript SDK Guides
  - [How to Swap](https://docs.uniswap.org/sdk/v3/guides/routing)
  - [How to Provide Liquidity](https://docs.uniswap.org/sdk/guides/liquidity/minting)
  - [How to Fetch Spot Prices](https://docs.uniswap.org/sdk/v3/guides/quoting)

We’ll continue publishing docs on a weekly basis so stay tuned for more!

# Help Center

We are steadily expanding the Uniswap [Help Center](https://help.uniswap.org/en/) to offer more walkthroughs and FAQs.

Recently we published a complete set of guides to walk you through every step from deposit to withdrawal on Layer 2 [Optimistic Ethereum](https://support.uniswap.org/hc/en-us/sections/8664727545229-Optimism) and [Arbitrum User Guides](https://support.uniswap.org/hc/en-us/sections/8664651554445-Arbitrum). We’ve also added an article about [Swap Error Codes](https://support.uniswap.org/hc/en-us/articles/7421987762829-Swap-errors-Advanced-).

# EIP-1559 Support

Ethereum upgraded to EIP-1559 last month and we’re happy to say that it is fully compatible with the Uniswap app. The app now sends a type 2 transaction to nudge your wallet to choose the optimal Base Fee and Priority Fee for your transaction.

Since the EIP-1559 launch, 43,577 ETH has been burned by transactions interacting with the Uniswap Protocol.

# ENS on Sybil

We’ve added Ethereum Name Service (ENS) support to [sybil.org](https://sybil.org)! If an address is not Twitter verified, Sybil will now fetch their ENS name to help you identify the delegate.

---

To get involved and stay up to date:

- Join the Uniswap community [discord](https://discord.com/invite/FCfyBSbCU5)
- Follow Uniswap Labs on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/Uniswap)
- Subscribe to the Uniswap Labs [blog](https://uniswap.org/rss.xml)
- Register as a delegate on [Sybil](https://sybil.org/#/delegates/uniswap)
- Participate in Uniswap [governance](https://gov.uniswap.org/)

Uniswap Team
🦄

Uniswap Product Update #2

Today we’re excited to announce the release of our new Auto Router! The Auto Router uses an advanced smart order routing algorithm to find better prices for traders in the [Uniswap app](http://app.uniswap.org). This includes:

- **Split routes** which execute trades across multiple pools at once
- **More powerful algorithm **that considers a larger data set for larger trades and better prices
- **Gas cost awareness **ensures every added step is net positive for your trade

Lastly, if there is a better trade available on Uniswap v2 after accounting for gas costs, the Auto Router will automatically switch to v2.

# Split Routes

One way that the Auto Router achieves better prices is by splitting trades across multiple pools. In the legacy router, a trade was always executed through a single route. Now, your trade can be split across up to seven paths to take advantage of liquidity depth in different pools. In the example below, the trader saves \$134,689 by splitting the route on a COMP:USDC trade. This is more than enough to cover the additional gas cost of the second route.

The addition of multiple fee tiers in Uniswap v3 makes this feature more important than ever.

![Auto-router-split-routes](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/45rRN6ivRIKQMIfguLTq1V/f7bc9b4559d4bf20be49475be3ad9eb5/split_routes.png)_The Auto Router optimizes your price by splitting the route across multiple pools._

# More powerful algorithm

The Auto Router enables efficient execution, especially on large trades. At the time of writing this, without the Auto Router an 80M USDT:USDC swap would incur a price impact of -62.9%. With the Auto Router, the same trade can be executed with a price impact as low as -0.749%.

![auto-router-explore](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/oqZDSmviBQOqY14kQa4B9/60714c6757cca93fd09d076da31b5f9a/explore.png)

_The Auto Router explores liquidity at greater depth than the standard router which previously ran out of gas._

# Gas Cost Awareness

The Auto Router factors in gas costs to optimize your effective price. With today’s launch, smaller trades will execute more efficiently by minimizing the number of gas-intensive hops to reach the output token. For example, this ETH:LINK trade saves \$8 in gas fees to deliver a 10% better net price by removing a hop from the route.

![auto-router-gas](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/5CMBfQ6ttOb3xXtPzu4UEF/9d9ed6469b0d0c9775dd69026cd36a36/gas.png)

_The Auto Router is aware of gas costs and will only take an extra hop if it yields a better effective price._

# Auto Router Interface

The Auto Router is now live and enabled by default for all users in the Uniswap App. You can hover over the Auto Router icon to peak into your trade route.

![auto-router-demo](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/6yT4eFYGhei5outTqLW16N/40c44fdb839d41fcd30a1be1b325c12f/demo.gif)

You may disable the Auto Router in settings if you do not wish to use the Auto Router for any reason.

# Open Source Code

We are deeply committed to decentralized and open-source financial infrastructure. In that spirit, we have published the full Auto Router source code under the GPL license.

- [@uniswap/routing-api](https://github.com/Uniswap/routing-api): Wraps and deploys the smart-order-router as a hosted service.
- [@uniswap/smart-order-router](https://github.com/Uniswap/smart-order-router): Contains the logic for finding the most efficient way to swap token A for token B, considering split swaps across multiple routes and gas costs.

# Developers

The Uniswap App fetches quotes from an instance of the Auto Router hosted by Uniswap Labs. Local developers and IPFS builds will be able to call the Auto Router API up to a modest request limit. The app will fallback to legacy routing when the request limit is exceeded, and in any situation where the Auto Router fails to return a quote. If your app needs to handle a higher load, you are welcome to deploy your own instance of the Auto Router from the open source code.

We will host a Twitch livestream over the coming weeks to walk through the Auto Router codebase and teach developers how to work with it.

# Measuring Improvements

In our analysis of 4,429 on-chain swaps from June 1, the Auto Router improves pricing on 13.97% of all trades and 36.84% of trades between the Top 10 tokens by TVL.

Benefits are spread across all trade size buckets. Many low value trades benefit from the Auto Router’s awareness of gas costs, allowing it to recommend fewer hops for better overall execution. For larger trades, price improvements are primarily driven by the Auto Router’s new route splitting capabilities and ability to explore more liquidity.

![auto-router-performance](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/3jTJai05lW9cKDDjOZdLv/d6715d13e7d2bdf6f17b6bf9d5dfbdfb/performance.png)

_The Auto Router improves trades of all sizes _

# Future work

Our journey has only just begun! We will continue iteratively improving the Auto Router to unlock better trade prices for users of the Uniswap App. The next release will support splitting routes across Uniswap v2 and v3 simultaneously and we also plan to support routes on Optimistic Ethereum and Arbitrum.

Additionally, we intend to further decentralize the Auto Router for the Uniswap Community by publishing a client-side version of the Auto Router.

For now, enjoy improved prices in the Uniswap App!

---

To get involved and stay up to date:

- Join the Uniswap community [discord](https://discord.com/invite/FCfyBSbCU5)
- Follow Uniswap Labs on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/Uniswap)
- Subscribe to the Uniswap Labs [blog](https://uniswap.org/rss.xml)
- Register as a delegate on [Sybil](https://sybil.org/#/delegates/uniswap)
- Participate in Uniswap [governance](https://gov.uniswap.org/)

Uniswap Team 🦄

Introducing the Auto Router, an advanced smart order routing algorithm to find better prices for traders in the Uniswap app.

Introducing the Auto Router

Today we’re excited to announce that the Arbitrum network is [open to the public](https://arbitrum.io/) — users can now trade on the Arbitrum deployment of Uniswap v3 with low gas costs and instant transaction confirmations!

As DeFi adoption continues to ramp up, bringing scalability to Ethereum has become more necessary than ever. Thankfully, Layer 2 solutions like Arbitrum have the potential to provide additional bandwidth without sacrificing the ideals of decentralization and security that we value so highly.

During this initial launch, Arbitrum will support throughput of 80k arb gas per second, which should translate to transaction capacity roughly in line with Layer 1. Unlike L1, transactions on Arbitrum confirm instantly — no more pending or stuck swaps!

# Launch Details

Users can start migrating assets over to the Arbitrum network through the [Arbitrum Bridge](https://bridge.arbitrum.io/) by following this [user guide](https://support.uniswap.org/hc/en-us/articles/11316824767757-How-to-deposit-tokens-to-Arbitrum-). Arbitrum is immediately compatible with popular wallets (Metamask, WalletConnect), as well as analytics services, [Arbiscan](https://arbiscan.io/) and The Graph. Uniswap Protocol activity on Arbitrum can be tracked at [info.uniswap.org/#/arbitrum](https://info.uniswap.org/#/arbitrum).

Please treat this as an early alpha product! As a new piece of software, the Arbitrum network is still in need of rigorous battletesting, as Offchain Labs has [noted](https://offchain.medium.com/mainnet-for-everyone-27ce0f67c85e). At launch, the Arbitrum team will have upgrade rights over the bridge contract, allowing them to address any issues that may arise. While fraud proofs are up and running, at the outset there is a whitelist of validators who may submit proofs.

A few additional Alpha launch features to be aware of:

- **Downtime**: The Arbitrum team does not have any planned downtime, but it is possible that the network encounters unplanned outages as usage increases and the protocol stabilizes. In the event of an unplanned outage, transactions will cease to be confirmed and Uniswap Protocol LPs will not earn trading fees to compensate for their price exposure.

- **Withdrawal times**: Deposits from Ethereum L1 to the Arbitrum network will take as long as a standard Ethereum transaction, while withdrawals will take 7 days in order to account for the challenge period. However, for select assets and a minor fee, users can opt for fast exits using third party services like Hop Protocol.

- **Available assets**: At launch, the Arbitrum network supports [33 assets](https://bridge.arbitrum.io/token-list-42161.json), including USDC, WETH, and WBTC. Additional tokens will be added to the network on an ongoing basis.

- **TWAP Oracles**: The Arbitrum sequencer introduces an additional trust assumption for developers using v3 price feeds. More information on the Arbitrum sequencer can be [found here](https://developer.offchainlabs.com/docs/inside_arbitrum#sequencer-mode).

- **Composability**: Arbitrum supports full composability. As of today, anyone can deploy a smart contract to Arbitrum mainnet! A list of Arbitrum ecosystem projects can be [found here](https://portal.arbitrum.one/).

While these are still relatively early days and scaling will be an iterative process, we’ve never been more confident that the industry is moving in the right direction!

---

To get involved and stay up to date:

- Join the Uniswap community [discord](https://discord.com/invite/FCfyBSbCU5)
- Follow Uniswap Labs on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/Uniswap)
- Subscribe to the Uniswap Labs [blog](https://uniswap.org/rss.xml)
- Register as a delegate on [Sybil](https://sybil.org/#/delegates/uniswap)
- Participate in Uniswap [governance](https://gov.uniswap.org/)

Uniswap Team
🦄

Uniswap on Arbitrum (Alpha Launch)

Uniswap Labs — a software development studio that contributes to the Uniswap Protocol — is proud to play a part in creating a better, more equitable financial system. One of Uniswap Labs’ contributions is the portal it provides at app.uniswap.org — an open source interface — for reliable, trustworthy interaction with the Uniswap Protocol.

To continue to innovate and provide this tool for the Uniswap community, we monitor the evolving regulatory landscape. Today, consistent with actions taken by other DeFi interfaces, we have taken the decision to restrict access to certain tokens through app.uniswap.org. These tokens have always represented a very small portion of overall volume on the Uniswap Protocol — a full list is available [here](https://github.com/Uniswap/uniswap-interface/tree/main/src/constants/tokenLists/unsupported.tokenlist.json).

Importantly, the Uniswap Protocol — unlike the interface — is a set of autonomous, decentralized, and immutable smart contracts. It provides unrestricted access to anyone with an Internet connection. Similarly, this action has no impact on the Uniswap Interface code, which remains open source, or the many other portals or locally run instances used to access the Uniswap Protocol.

Moving forward, we will continue to develop products and contribute to the Uniswap Protocol, in a way that is consistent with the broader DeFi industry’s values — to provide safe, transparent, and robust financial infrastructure that can empower users around the world.

A quick note on token access on app.uniswap.org

Token Access on app.uniswap.org

Over the past few weeks, our team has spoken with dozens of traders,
LPs, developers and community members to learn about their experiences
interacting with Uniswap.

Going forward, we want to share regular updates with the community. This post marks the first in a series highlighting product developments that improve the overall user experience.

Today, we are excited to announce the release of six new features and improvements:

- Auto Fee Tier Selection

- Liquidity Range Charts

- Create Proposal UI

- 30 Language Translations and crowdsourcing tool

- Uniswap Help Center

- Docs improvements and new landing page

# Auto Fee Tier Selection

In our conversation with liquidity providers, many expressed uncertainty when selecting their fee tier. Which fee tier is optimal? Why not always pick the highest one?

To help LPs select the right fee tier, the app now automatically
defaults to the fee tier with the most liquidity. This method leverages the wisdom of the market to suggest a reasonable fee tier for most LP strategies. LPs can always manually select fee tiers by clicking the ‘edit’ button to reveal additional fee tiers and their respective liquidity allocation percentages.

![lp1](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/n2r62mrqcPu97Ge6jywxk/4382978bed41573156f89e8d5199e9b0/lp1.gif)

*The 0.30% fee tier is auto-selected because it holds 82% of liquidity across all v3 ETH-USDC pairs.*

Fee tier selection is nuanced and in certain scenarios an LP may choose a tier with lower TVL (e.g. ETH/DAI 0.05%). That said, we believe TVL is a good heuristic for the average user.

Alongside the Uniswap community, the Uniswap Labs team will continue to monitor the efficacy of this metric and we welcome additional feedback.

# Liquidity Range Charts

Uniswap v3 introduces the concept of Concentrated Liquidity — a major
improvement from previous AMM designs, LPs can now selectively allocate their liquidity between minimum and maximum price ranges, earning a higher percentage of trading fees with less capital in the process.

In our user research interviews, we heard users rely on alternative
tools and charts to select their price ranges. Many users flipped back
and forth between the Uniswap App and Uniswap Info to view the liquidity distribution for a pair.

As of today, the LP interface will display the real-time distribution of liquidity in the selected pool, providing insight into the aggregate market’s opinion as to how liquidity should be best allocated. LPs can use the range sliders to adjust their minimum and maximum prices alongside the pre-existing manual input fields.

![](/images/posts/product-update-1/lp2.gif)

*Liquidity in the ETH-USDC 0.30% pair is increasingly more concentrated around the mid-price.*

We hope that this data visualization will help users understand the concept of a price range and quickly select a range that fits their risk preferences. For more guidance, check out this [How To Guide](https://help.uniswap.org/en/articles/5391541-providing-liquidity-on-uniswap-v3).

# Create Proposal

Uniswap’s governance system requires participants to submit executable code alongside their written proposal. To date, this has limited the number of potential proposal participants to those that are intimately familiar with the inner workings of Solidity.

Now that the proposal threshold has been reduced from 10m UNI to 2.5m
delegated UNI, we believe it is especially important that non-technical
delegates can actively participate in proposal submission.

We have now introduced the addition of a ‘Create Proposal’ feature in
the governance interface. Users can select a proposed action (Transfer,
Approve), a target address, and a target asset to accompany their
proposal text.

![](/images/posts/product-update-1/create.gif)

Over the coming weeks we will introduce additional actions including:
updating the ENS; updating the v3 license, and creating liquidity mining
programs and more.

# Translations

![](/images/posts/product-update-1/translate.gif)

The Uniswap Protocol is global financial infrastructure, serving users
from all around the world.

To better support our international user base, the Uniswap Interface now
includes over 30 languages. The default language is set according to
your browser’s language settings, but this can be changed manually
through the dropdown menu.

If you would like to contribute to translation quality, please visit the
[_Crowdin Uniswap translations
hub_](https://crowdin.com/project/uniswap-interface). Anyone can improve
the translations by making an account on Crowdin and submitting changes.
You can also start translations for new languages that may not be
currently supported on the interface.

# Help Center

![](/images/posts/product-update-1/help.png)

This week we launched the [_Uniswap Help
Center_](https://help.uniswap.org/) to address common questions and
issues that affect our users. We’ve also published a number of How To
guides, starting with an [_Optimism
collection_](https://help.uniswap.org/en/collections/3033942-layer-2) to
accompany the protocol’s recent launch on Layer 2.

We’ll continue adding new content on an ongoing basis and warmly welcome
suggested topics from the community. We will also soon offer direct
access to the Help Center through the application.

# Docs

![](/images/posts/product-update-1/docs.png)

Uniswap Docs has received a fresh coat of paint!

Users can now view and search through documentation and contracts across
all three protocols in one consolidated venue. We have also added
further technical guides around the
[_Swap_](https://docs.uniswap.org/protocol/guides/swaps/single-swaps)
and [_Flash
Swap_](https://docs.uniswap.org/protocol/guides/flash-integrations/inheritance-constructors)
functions in v3.

V3 Add Liquidity and SDK guides are coming very soon!

# Community Feedback

We are beyond grateful for our engaged community members, who are
consistently willing to volunteer time and provide feedback to improve
our products.

The feature updates released today, alongside upcoming updates, are the
direct result of numerous user conversations: a very special shoutout to
[_Rizzle_](http://twitter.com/nftland), Mark Jeffrey,
[_Epheph_](http://www.twitter.com/epheph), [_Haye
Chan_](http://twitter.com/defiahab), Drew Korn, Alex Komorav, Cyrus
Ansari, [_Will Price_](https://twitter.com/will__price), Wario, reuptake
and the [_LP cafe discord_](https://discord.gg/UKm6BzkJ).

We want to keep hearing from you! As always, the Uniswap Labs team can
be found in the community [_discord_](https://discord.gg/FCfyBSbCU5) and
on Twitter. If you are willing to volunteer 15 minutes for a user
feedback session, please fill in [_this
form_](https://forms.gle/3gZ6NVQSATHoqz7MA) and we will be in contact as
soon as possible.

---

To get involved and stay up to date:

- Join the Uniswap community [discord](https://discord.gg/FCfyBSbCU5)
- Follow Uniswap on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/Uniswap)
- Subscribe to the Uniswap [blog](/blog)
- Register as a delegate [Sybil](http://sybil.org/)
- Participate in [Uniswap governance](http://gov.uniswap.org/)

Uniswap Team
🦄

A quick overview of some recent product improvements from the past few weeks.

Uniswap Product Update #1

Almost two years after our [Unipig](https://unipig.exchange/) proof of concept, we are finally ready to announce the Alpha launch of Uniswap v3 on the [Optimistic Ethereum](https://www.optimism.io/) (OΞ) mainnet!

Today's launch marks the first step in the journey for DeFi applications to rival and surpass traditional web user experiences. Optimism's roadmap promises further powerful improvements including additional scaling, smart wallet EOAs (no &quot;approves&quot;, pay gas in any token), and decentralization of the transaction sequencing operation.

During this Alpha period, OΞ will support an initial throughput of 0.6 transactions per second. Because Uniswap v3 is currently one of the few protocols deployed to OΞ, this should translate to transaction capacity roughly in line with L1. Unlike L1, transactions on OΞ confirm instantly — **no more pending or stuck swaps**!

Assuming Uniswap v3 sees equal usage to L1, **OΞ should offer up to 10x transaction cost savings**. Additional demand will drive gas costs higher — for more details, check out Optimism's blog post. **Transaction speeds will ramp up over the coming weeks and months** as the OΞ infrastructure is tested and optimized at scale, with the end goal of scaling to fully meet demand for low cost, high speed DEX trading.

For more information on how Optimistic Ethereum works and its security model, check out this [blog post](https://research.paradigm.xyz/rollups).

![swap](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/2CPmxECzQmaEOB7cNjOXNR/71d28b453f75b038810f3b378ecc6457/swap.gif)

# Launch Details

Users can start migrating assets over to the Optimism Ethereum network through the [Optimism Gateway](https://gateway.optimism.io/). A detailed user guide is available [here](https://support.uniswap.org/hc/en-us/articles/7423939615629-How-to-deposit-tokens-to-Optimism). Optimism is already compatible with popular wallets (Metamask, WalletConnect), Etherscan, and The Graph. Analytics can be tracked at [info.uniswap.org/#/optimism/](https://info.uniswap.org/#/optimism/).

**Please treat this as an early alpha product**. Optimistic Ethereum is a complex Layer 2 scaling solution still in need of rigorous battletesting. At launch, the Optimism team will have upgrade rights over the bridge contract, allowing them to address any bugs that should arise.

There are a few more Alpha launch features to be aware of:

- **Downtime:** There will be downtime (both planned and likely unplanned) during the early days of OΞ, during which LPs will not earn trading fees to compensate for price exposure. We will communicate scheduled downtime ahead of time through social media channels.

- **Withdrawal Times:** Deposits from Ethereum L1 to Optimistic Ethereum are instant. However, until fast withdrawal services are made available, withdrawals from OΞ to L1 will take 7 days.

- **Select Assets:** Uniswap v3 can support any ERC20 token on OΞ, but will offer a limited number of assets at launch (ETH, USDT, WBTC, DAI, SNX). More tokens will be bridged to Optimistic Ethereum over the coming days and weeks.

- **TWAP Oracles:** The Optimism sequencer introduces an additional trust assumption for developers using v3 price feeds.

- **Composability:** OΞ supports full composability. However, at launch, the network does not permit arbitrary smart contract deployment. Reach out to the Optimism team on Discord if you would like to deploy your contracts on OΞ.

Scaling Ethereum will be an iterative process, but this is a major step forward. Optimistic Rollups and ETH 2.0 are complementary scaling solutions and together will propel DeFi to mainstream adoption.

---

To get involved and stay up to date:

- Join the Uniswap community [discord](https://discord.gg/FCfyBSbCU5)
- Follow Uniswap on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/Uniswap)
- Subscribe to the Uniswap [blog](https://uniswap.org/blog)
- Register as a delegate [Sybil](http://sybil.org/)
- Participate in [Uniswap governance](http://gov.uniswap.org/)

Uniswap Team
🦄

Uniswap v3, the third iteration of the Uniswap protocol, has been deployed to the Optimism mainnet!

Uniswap on Optimism


We're thrilled to announce that Uniswap v3 has been deployed to the Ethereum mainnet! All relevant contract addresses can be found [here](https://github.com/Uniswap/uniswap-v3-periphery/blob/main/deploys.md).

Uniswap v3 is the most powerful version of the protocol yet, with Concentrated Liquidity offering unprecedented capital efficiency for liquidity providers, better execution for traders, and superior infrastructure at the heart of decentralized finance.

For a full description of v3's features, please refer to our announcement [blog pos](https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/)[t](https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/). Audit reports for the core and periphery contracts can be found [here](https://github.com/Uniswap/uniswap-v3-core/tree/main/audits) and [here](https://github.com/Uniswap/uniswap-v3-periphery/tree/main/audits/abdk). After 6 weeks, the Uniswap v3 bug bounty has returned no major findings. However, we would like to note that v3 is a complex new protocol and we cannot guarantee all bugs have been found and resolved.

# Traders
The swap interface now routes trades through Uniswap v3 and will alert you when a better exchange rate is available on Uniswap v2.

The Uniswap analytics platform — [info.uniswap.org](https://info.uniswap.org) — now tracks v3 performance. You can continue to review [v2 stats](http://v2.info.uniswap.org/) here.

# Liquidity providers

The pool interface now supports the creation of Uniswap v3 positions with multiple fee tiers and concentrated liquidity ranges. Each position is represented as an NFT and comes with a unique piece of on-chain generative art. Look out for rare sparkles!

![NFT1](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/3ym1i9ficLAGAQMghk5evu/d50a5d5b354dc79e1f2c80518cf64102/NFT1.gif)

We have also released a migration portal for Uniswap v2 and Sushiswap LPs to seamlessly migrate their assets over to v3. Due to the introduction of concentrated liquidity, the migration portal requires LPs to specify a fee tier and price range for their allocated liquidity. A migration walkthrough guide can be found [here](https://support.uniswap.org/hc/en-us/articles/7423351004173-Migrate-Liquidity-from-Uniswap-V2-to-V3).

# Developers

Developers can begin building on Uniswap v3 immediately!

Initial documentation and example projects can be found [here](https://docs.uniswap.org/contracts/v3/overview). Additionally, the Uniswap Labs team will be available to answer integration-related questions in our Discord's #integrations channel.

# Contact

The Uniswap Labs team will be available to answer questions in the Uniswap community Discord.

Follow the [Uniswap Labs Twitter account](https://twitter.com/uniswap) for more updates!

# FAQ:

**1. What happens to the Uniswap v2 protocol?**

The Uniswap v2 Protocol will remain functional and available for use as long as the Ethereum network continues to exist. However, we expect that over time the advantages of Uniswap v3 will draw a majority of liquidity and trading volume away from v2.

**2. Do I have to migrate my liquidity?**

You are not required to migrate your v2 liquidity if you so choose. The Uniswap v2 protocol will remain active and functional in perpetuity. However, it may be advantageous to migrate liquidity as we expect a majority of trading volume — and, consequently, LP fee generation — to take place on v3.

**3. Will the updated Uniswap interface only execute trades through v3?**

The updated interface will default to executing on v3 but will always alert you if a better trade is available on v2.

**4. Is there a v3 liquidity mining program?**

There is no v3 liquidity mining program scheduled at launch. Uniswap governance may introduce a liquidity mining program at any time through the standard Uniswap governance process.

---

To get involved and stay up to date:

- Join the Uniswap community [discord](https://discord.gg/FCfyBSbCU5)
- Follow Uniswap on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/Uniswap)
- Subscribe to the Uniswap [blog](/blog)
- Register as a delegate [Sybil](http://sybil.org/)
- Participate in [Uniswap governance](http://gov.uniswap.org/)

Uniswap Team
🦄

Uniswap v3, the third iteration of the Uniswap protocol, has been deployed to the Ethereum mainnet!


Uniswap v3 Mainnet launch

Uniswap v1 was launched in November 2018 as a proof of concept for automated market makers (AMMs), a type of exchange where anyone can pool assets into shared market making strategies.

In May 2020, Uniswap v2 introduced new features and optimizations, setting the stage for exponential growth in AMM adoption. Less than one year since its launch, v2 has facilitated over $135bn in trading volume, ranking as one of the largest cryptocurrency spot exchanges in the world.

Uniswap now serves as critical infrastructure for decentralized finance, empowering developers, traders, and liquidity providers to participate in a secure and robust financial marketplace.

Today, we are excited to present an overview of Uniswap v3. We are targeting an **L1 Ethereum mainnet launch on May 5**, with an **L2 deployment on Optimism set to follow shortly after.**

Uniswap v3 introduces:

- **Concentrated liquidity,** giving individual LPs granular control over what price ranges their capital is allocated to. Individual positions are aggregated together into a single pool, forming one combined curve for users to trade against

- **Multiple fee tiers**, allowing LPs to be appropriately compensated for taking on varying degrees of risk

These features make Uniswap v3 **the most flexible and efficient AMM ever designed**:

- LPs can provide liquidity with **up to 4000x capital efficiency** relative to Uniswap v2, earning **higher returns on their capital**

- Capital efficiency paves the way for low-slippage **trade execution that can surpass both centralized exchanges and stablecoin-focused AMMs**

- LPs can significantly **increase their exposure to preferred assets** and **reduce their downside risk**

- LPs can sell one asset for another by adding liquidity to a price range entirely above or below the market price, approximating **a fee-earning limit order that executes along a smooth curve**

Uniswap's **oracles are now far easier and cheaper to integrate**. V3 oracles are capable of providing time-weighted average prices (TWAPs) on demand for any period within the last ~9 days. This removes the need for integrators to checkpoint historical values.

Even with these groundbreaking design improvements, the **gas cost of v3 swaps on Ethereum mainnet is slightly cheaper than v2**. Transactions made on the Optimism deployment will likely be _significantly_ cheaper!

Read on for more details on Uniswap v3. For a deeper technical overview check out the [Uniswap v3 Core whitepaper](https://uniswap.org/whitepaper-v3.pdf), the [Uniswap v3 Core smart contracts](https://github.com/Uniswap/uniswap-v3-core/).

# Concentrated Liquidity

In Uniswap v2, liquidity is distributed evenly along an x*y=k price curve, with assets reserved for all prices between 0 and infinity. For most pools, a majority of this liquidity is never put to use. As an example, **the v2 DAI/USDC pair reserves just ~0.50% of capital for trading between $0.99 and $1.01** , the price range in which LPs would expect to see the most volume and consequently earn the most fees.

V2 LPs only earn fees on a small portion of their capital, which can fail to appropriately compensate for the price risk (&quot;impermanent loss&quot;) they take by holding large inventories in both tokens. Additionally, traders are often subject to high degrees of slippage as liquidity is spread thin across all price ranges.

In Uniswap v3, LP's can **concentrate their capital within custom price ranges, providing greater amounts of liquidity at desired prices.** In doing so, **LPs construct individualized price curves** that reflect their own preferences.

<Video source="//videos.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/6ADCXiL0UNmaPBaTRYfK2k/5d62b8abec781f72982832521f2787ee/CYL.mp4" description=" " />

LPs can combine any number of distinct concentrated positions within a single pool. For example, an LP in the ETH/DAI pool may choose to allocate $100 to the price ranges $1,000-$2,000 and an additional $50 to the ranges $1,500-$1,750.

By doing so, an LP can approximate the shape of any automated market maker or active order book.

**Users trade against the combined liquidity of all individual curves** with no gas cost increase per liquidity provider. Trading fees collected at a given price range are split pro-rata by LPs proportional to the amount of liquidity they contributed to that range.

<Video source="//videos.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/3YJ1gqlBEhKlAQa5IFFwCv/f6494742c4277eae7f7bf7d2b9adfd74/IS.mp4" description=" " />

## Capital Efficiency

By concentrating their liquidity, LPs can provide **the same liquidity depth as v2 within specified price ranges while putting far less capital at risk.** The capital saved can be held externally, invested in different assets, deposited elsewhere in DeFi, or used to increase exposure within the specified price range to earn more trading fees.

<Video source="//videos.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/3RwaD00mfHKaBJ9Vy8EiJI/cf1cb7b25bacf5aa8112f99eb54a23d0/MFFL.mp4" description=" " />

Let's illustrate with an example:

Alice and Bob both want to provide liquidity in an ETH/DAI pool on Uniswap v3. They each have $1m. The current price of ETH is 1,500 DAI.

Alice decides to deploy her capital across the entire price range (as she would have in Uniswap v2). She deposits 500,000 DAI and 333.33 ETH (worth a total of $1m).

Bob instead creates a concentrated position, depositing only within the price range from 1,000 to 2,250. He deposits 91,751 DAI and 61.17 ETH, worth a total of about $183,500. He keeps the other $816,500 himself, investing it however he prefers.

While Alice has put down 5.44x as much capital as Bob, _they earn the same amount of fees_, as long as the ETH/DAI price stays within the 1,000 to 2,250 range.

![example 1](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/pgajcrSvF51NZo6WQ7QMT/aa4dc1497cab699f5b5747e69160d9c5/example_1.png)

Bob's custom position also acts as a kind of stop-loss for his liquidity. Both Alice and Bob's liquidity will be entirely denominated in ETH if the price of ETH falls to $0. However, Bob will have lost just $159,000, versus Alice's $1m. Bob can use his additional $816,500 to hedge against downside exposure or to invest in any other conceivable strategy.

![example 2](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/7fJVwfL5ZEqwsfiAH6JvCV/74dcdb9c8d2500547e7bd1df272a14da/example_2.png)

Instead of providing equivalent liquidity depth as a v2 LPs with less capital, v3 LPs can choose to provide **greater depth with the same amount of capital** as their v2 counterparts. This requires **taking on more price risk** (&quot;impermanent loss&quot;) while supporting greater amounts of trading and earning higher fees.

LPs in more stable pools will likely provide liquidity in particularly narrow ranges. If the ~$25m currently held in the Uniswap v2 DAI/USDC pair was instead concentrated between 0.99 — 1.01 in v3, it would provide the same depth as $5bn in Uniswap v2 as long as the price stayed within that range. **If the ~$25m was concentrated into the 0.999 - 1.001 range it would provide the same depth as $50b in Uniswap v2.**

The tool below calculates the capital efficiency gains of a concentrated liquidity position (centered around the current price) relative to allocating capital across the entire price curve.

<Simulator />

At launch, capital efficiency gains will max out at 4000x for LPs providing liquidity within a single 0.10% price range. The v3 pool factory is technically capable of supporting ranges as granular as 0.02%, translating to a maximum 20,000x capital efficiency gains relative to v2. However, more granular pools can increase swap gas costs and might be more useful on Layer 2.

## Active Liquidity

If market prices move outside an LP's specified price range, their liquidity is effectively removed from the pool and is no longer earning fees. In this state, an LP's liquidity is composed entirely of the less valuable of the two assets, until the market price moves back into their specified price range or they decide to update their range to account for current prices.

<Video source="//videos.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/3eer140wA8sBS5YwSLwu41/2fe4d78a28ee2cbc143999e30e8ba8e9/AL.mp4" description=" " />

In v3, it is theoretically possible for no liquidity to exist in a given price range. However, we expect rational LPs to continuously update their price ranges to cover the current market price.

## Range Orders

v3's LP customizability opens up a novel order feature to complement market orders, which we are calling "range orders".

LPs can deposit a single token in a custom price range above or below the current price: if the market price enters into their specified range, they sell one asset for another along a smooth curve while earning swap fees in the process.

Depositing to a narrow range feels similar to a traditional limit order. For example, if the current price of DAI is below 1.001 USDC, Alice could add $10m worth of DAI to the range of 1.001 — 1.002 DAI/USDC.

Once DAI trades above 1.002 DAI/USDC, Alice's liquidity will have fully converted into USDC. Alice must withdraw her liquidity (or use a third-party service to withdraw on her behalf) to avoid automatically converting back into DAI if DAI/USDC starts trading below 1.002.

![range](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/2l33qlFlZ6f1KmeJOZ3rDp/55b6546fa088b619d70dcb3a5a54889d/range.png)

The average execution price of a fully executed range order is the geometric average of the minimum and maximum price: in Alice's case, the execution price equals 1.001499 DAI/USDC for a total of $1,001,499. This execution price does not account for additional swap fees earned during the period in which prices trade within the 1.001 — 1.002 DAI/USDC range.

Range orders within wider ranges may prove particularly useful for **profit-taking, buying the dip,** and **primary issuance events**: in the later use case, issuers are now able to deposit liquidity in a single asset and specify the exact range of prices across which they wish to sell their tokens.

## Non-Fungible Liquidity

As a byproduct of per-LP custom price curves, liquidity positions are no longer fungible and are not represented as ERC20 tokens in the core protocol.

Instead, LP positions will be represented by non-fungible tokens (NFTs). However, common shared positions can be made fungible (ERC20) via peripheral contracts or through other partner protocols. Additionally, trading fees are no longer automatically reinvested back into the pool on LPs' behalf.

Over time we expect increasingly sophisticated strategies to be tokenized, making it possible for LPs to participate while maintaining a passive user experience. This could include multi-positions, auto-rebalancing to concentrate around the market price, fee reinvestment, lending, and more.

# Flexible Fees

Uniswap v3 offers LPs three separate fee tiers per pair — 0.05%, 0.30%, and 1.00%. This array of options ensures that LPs tailor their margins according to expected pair volatility: LPs take on more risk in non-correlated pairs like ETH/DAI and, conversely, take on minimal risk in correlated pairs like USDC/DAI.

Although distinct fee tiers may lead to some degree of liquidity fragmentation, we believe that most pairs will calibrate to an obvious fee tier, which then serves as the canonical market. We expect like-kind asset pairs to congregate around the 0.05% fee tier and pairs like ETH/DAI to use 0.30%, while exotic assets might find 1.00% swap fees more appropriate. governance can add additional fee tiers as needed.

Uniswap v2 introduced a protocol fee switch, which allowed a flat 5 basis point (16.66% of LP fees) fee to be turned on by governance. Uniswap v3 protocol fees are far more flexible. Fees will be off by default, but can be turned on by governance on a per-pool basis and set between 10% and 25% of LP fees.

# Advanced Oracles

Uniswap v2 introduced time weighted average price (TWAP) oracles. These oracles serve as a critical piece of DeFi infrastructure, and have been integrated into dozens of projects, including Compound and Reflexer.

V2 oracles work by storing cumulative sums of Uniswap pair prices on a per-second basis. These price sums can be checked once at the beginning of a period and once at the end to calculate an accurate TWAP over that period.

Uniswap v3 offers significant improvements to the TWAP oracle, making it possible to calculate any recent TWAP within the past ~9 days in a single on-chain call. This is achieved by storing an array of cumulative sums instead of just one.

![oracles](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/645gRZmrsruhM4dXb2obKR/581ef8cb9406de64f2acd27145f1e778/oracles.png)

This array of historical price accumulators makes it far easier and cheaper to create more advanced oracles that include simple-moving averages (SMA), exponential moving averages (EMA), outlier filtering, and more.

Despite this major improvement, the gas cost to Uniswap traders for keeping oracles up to date has been reduced by ~50% relative to v2. The costs for calculating TWAPs in external smart contracts is significantly cheaper as well.

# License

We strongly believe decentralized financial infrastructure should ultimately be free, open-source software. At the same time, we think the Uniswap community should be the first to build an ecosystem around the Uniswap v3 Core codebase.

With this in mind, Uniswap v3 Core will launch under the [Business Source License 1.1](https://github.com/Uniswap/uniswap-v3-core/blob/main/LICENSE)—effectively **a time-delayed GPL-2.0-or-later license**. The license limits use of the v3 source code in a commercial or production setting for up to two years, at which point it will convert to a GPL license into perpetuity.

Uniswap governance can accelerate the change to GPL or grant exemptions to the license at any time by updating the files at _ **v3-core-license-date.uniswap.eth** _ and _ **v3-core-license-grants.uniswap.eth** _.

Note that the BUSL 1.1 license does not affect integrations. **All code that may be needed for external integrations has been licensed under GPL or MIT** , including math libraries, peripheral contracts, interfaces, and the developer sdk. Any wallet, interface, mobile app, protocol, or other project will be able to integrate with v3 as expected.

For more information on this license, see this [FAQ](https://mariadb.com/bsl-faq-adopting/).

# Audits and Bug Bounty

Our team believes security is of the utmost importance — it took hundreds of hours of testing for us to feel comfortable with launching Uniswap v3.

Our security process for v3 included:

- A full-length [audit from Trail of Bits](https://github.com/Uniswap/uniswap-v3-core/blob/main/audits/tob/audit.pdf)
- A full-length [audit from ABDK](https://github.com/Uniswap/uniswap-v3-core/blob/main/audits/abdk/audit.pdf)
- A full audit from [samczsun](https://samczsun.com/) (no report)
- An auditing and review process from our engineering team
- A comprehensive test suite, including the automated tools Echidna and Manticore

Major bugs discovered as part of the testing and auditing process were fixed. However, we would like to note that Uniswap v3 is an extremely complex protocol and we cannot guarantee all bugs have already been discovered and resolved.

To help find any open vulnerabilities, a public bug bounty will run over the next 30 days, with up to $500,000 offered for critical bugs. More detail on the public bug bounty can be found [here](https://github.com/Uniswap/uniswap-v3-core/blob/main/bug-bounty.md).

# Launch Details

The Uniswap v3 smart contracts will be deployed to the Ropsten, Rinkeby, Kovan, and Görli testnets in the coming days, giving developers time to begin experimenting with the protocol before the official launch.

- The [Uniswap v3 Core repository](https://github.com/Uniswap/uniswap-v3-core) contains the essential, low-level smart contracts that power the protocol.

- The [Uniswap v3 Periphery repository](https://github.com/Uniswap/uniswap-v3-periphery) contains a collection of smart contracts designed to ease user interaction with core contracts.

A liquidity provider migration portal will be available at launch, allowing v2 LPs to seamlessly transfer their liquidity to the new protocol.

In the meantime, there are few outstanding items to complete:

- Partners and integrations can begin building on Uniswap v3 immediately, in preparation for mainnet launch!

- The interface, analytics site, API, and developer SDK are being redesigned to work with Uniswap v3.

- The initial Uniswap v3 router and position manager contracts are almost complete. While still subject to change, they are available [here](https://github.com/Uniswap/uniswap-v3-periphery).

- Documentation, guides, and further examples are in progress.

- Additional infrastructure to support fungibile positions, liquidity mining, more complex strategies, and various other use cases will be built by Uniswap Labs together with the Uniswap community **after mainnet launch**

## Reach out

On Friday, March 26 at 2pm ET we will host an AMA on the official Uniswap Discord, where we hope to answer any outstanding questions you may have around Uniswap v3. Questions can be submitted ahead of time [here](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSebgW4Ta1Iq4gaPKvcDExliyGjrfUpvWeJKRAPD1KK7s-cNNw/viewform?usp=sf_link).

We will be releasing further updates, additional information, and initial documentation over the coming days and welcome all feedback and involvement from our community.

If you are integrating and wish to get in touch, please fill out this [form](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfH6fFaaCoPlDW570ZYN-9VOS_-Fu9gl8rRFoANtx0XWQtNaQ/viewform?usp=sf_link) and we will try to respond as soon as possible. Alternatively, reach out in the #v3-integrations channel in the community Discord

To get involved and stay up to date:

- Join the Uniswap community [discord](https://discord.gg/FCfyBSbCU5)
- Follow Uniswap on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/Uniswap)
- Subscribe to the Uniswap [blog](/blog)
- Register as a delegate [Sybil](http://sybil.org/)
- Participate in [Uniswap governance](http://gov.uniswap.org/)

Uniswap Team
🦄

Introducing Uniswap v3


2020 was a breakout year for the Uniswap protocol. As it comes to a close, we wanted to review some key accomplishments from the past 12 months and share some insight into our roadmap for the coming year.

# 2020 Review:

### V2 launch introduces new primitives and efficiency gains

- [Uniswap v2](https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v2/) launched in May, bringing support for arbitrary ERC20/ERC20 pairs, robust time weighted average price oracles, flash swaps, and significant architecture improvements.

- Flash swaps have generated $4.8bn volume since May, producing $14.4m in liquidity provider fees.

- Uniswap's TWAP implementation continues to see adoption as key oracle infrastructure, counting integrations across over 50 protocols including Compound, Augur v2, and Empty Set Dollar — second only to Chainlink.

- While ETH remains the dominant pair numeraire, Uniswap v2 supports over 4,400 non-ETH pairs, including 7 of the 25 most liquid pairs at the time of this post.

### Volumes surge to new heights

![volume](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/1M9ncTgnn0aew8fnxrj0s3/9cce7f9ca177e07f780b375b8287da90/volume.jpeg)

- The Uniswap protocol supported more than **$58bn** volume over the course of 2020, up **15,000%** from $390m in 2019.

- In September, the protocol briefly surpassed Coinbase on weekly volumes. Today, Uniswap is the 5th largest venue for crypto spot trading in the world.

- The protocol has averaged over 54% volume market share among trading protocols since January.

### Uniswap's liquidity rivals that of centralized counterparts

![liquidity](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/7kMBtfB0wiVrwmeOa3KWxY/1a3b03b9e0d74a65e4949839c9e3d894/liquidity.jpeg)

- The Uniswap protocol currently commands over $2bn in liquidity, up 17,000% from $12m at the start of the year.

- Over 68,000 unique addresses are currently providing liquidity across 27,000 unique trading pairs.

### Users gravitate towards decentralized trading

![addresses](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/7k31fskU60OFtEEh31mcrT/0baf42da3fb15575aa799e4f476683ed/addresses.jpeg)

- The protocol's MAU figures have grown month-on-month since the launch of v2, with December surpassing 300k unique addresses.

- Uniswap trades regularly account for 25% of Ethereum network transactions.

- Meanwhile, the protocol's median trade size in 2020 was just $634.

### Uniswap as neutral, robust exchange infrastructure

![integrations](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/jqdS6FXmez9HPWBa85XxF/feb87ff5edb37a275b11b7028dfb9974/integrations.jpeg)

- Uniswap now counts over 200 integrations across protocols, data analytics services, advanced interfaces, wallets, and more.

- Highlights include Uniswap LP shares serving as collateral in MakerDAO; Uniswap flash loans being used for execution in Aave v2 collateral swaps, and Fireblock's integration of Uniswap into its institutional-focused DeFi API.

### Christmas comes early with UNI token

- As part of the launch of Uniswap's governance token, 150 million UNI — accounting for 15% of supply and currently worth approximately \$630 million — was distributed to historical users and liquidity providers.

- An additional 20 million UNI were distributed to liquidity providers between September 16 and November 16.

- Over 110,000 addresses currently hold UNI, making UNI one of the most widely distributed tokens on Ethereum.

### Uniswap's governance brings the protocol closer to self-sustainability:

- Uniswap governance counts roughly 5,000 unique delegates and 6,000 unique delegators, including active participation from many of the crypto community's leading ambassadors.

- The Uniswap [community treasury](https://etherscan.io/address/0x1a9c8182c09f50c8318d769245bea52c32be35bc) currently holds over 47m UNI, which can be distributed through votes by token holders on a discretionary basis.

- The first successful governance proposal [was executed](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x1348b107d951b7ceeb7d934f463d5f862464ff93988e73f3d8052f358fa2411c) on December 27th, establishing a [grants program](https://gov.uniswap.org/t/rfc-uniswap-grants-program-v0-1/9081) to invest in the ecosystem's future.

### Token Lists improves ERC20 discoverability:

- In August, the Uniswap team launched [Token Lists](http://tokenlists.org/), a community standard for creating lists of ERC20 tokens.

- [Token Lists](https://uniswap.org/blog/token-lists/) improve discoverability and trust in ERC20s in a manner that is inclusive, transparent, and decentralized.

- Token Lists has emerged as the industry standard for off-chain token discovery and counts support from industry-leading firms, including Coingecko, Coinmarketcap Messari, Set Protocol, Kleros, and Wrapped.com, and has been integrated into projects including Matcha.

### Sybil makes delegating easy:

- In December, the Uniswap team launched [Sybil](http://sybil.org/), a cross-platform tool for improving the discoverability of governance delegates

- [Sybil](https://uniswap.org/blog/sybil/) uses third party authentication platforms (Twitter, GitHub etc.) and digital signatures to map Ethereum addresses to digital identities.

- Sybil-verified identities work cross-platform: Sybil supports Compound governance out of the box.

## 2021 Roadmap

### Improve automated market making

- The Uniswap team continues to research and develop market leading AMM technology, making considerable progress on v3.

- V3's design is driven by a desire to drastically improve the AMM experience for both swappers and LPs, increasing capital efficiency and flexibility while introducing superior execution.

### Explore scaling solutions

- Scaling solutions present a path to lower latency trading, faster settlement, and cheaper transaction costs.

### Emphasis on governance

- Uniswap's long term success is closely tied to its ability to attract the best available community talent and to engage in effective long-term, decentralized decision-making.

- Expansion of governance requires both improved tooling (see Sybil) and focused initiatives like governance's Uniswap Grants Program.

- As a result of the active participation in governance by thousands of delegates, the Uniswap core team members plan to participate more directly in governance in their personal capacity over the course of 2021: this includes publicly advocating for or against proposals.

- Additionally, the core team may delegate votes to others or themselves, although they will vote with no more than 10% of their own UNI. Governance efforts will continue to be community-led.

We're eternally grateful to the Ethereum community for helping us achieve so much over the past 12 months and are enormously excited for the year to come.

Happy holidays to all, and see you in the new year!

Uniswap Team
🦄

---

_To learn more and get involved in the Uniswap ecosystem, join the project's_ [_Discord_](https://discord.com/invite/FCfyBSbCU5) _channel, participate in Uniswap's governance discussions on the_ [_Uniswap forum_](http://gov.uniswap.org/)_, and register as a delegate via_ [_Sybil_](http://sybil.org/)_._

As 2020 comes to a close, we wanted to review some key accomplishments from the past 12 months and share some insight into our roadmap for the coming year.

Uniswap's Year in Review: 2020

Today we're excited to introduce **[Sybil](https://sybil.org/), a governance tool for discovering delegates.** Sybil **maps on-chain addresses to digital identities** to maintain a list of delegates, all while avoiding pesky user signups, on-chain transactions, and manual record keeping.

We hope that Sybil can grow adoption of Uniswap's governance system and encourage both existing and future Uniswap delegates to verify their identities, **making it easier for delegators to discover and engage with their community representatives**.

## The importance of delegation

Experimentation with on-chain governance systems continues to gain popularity, and for good reason! Community ownership reduces single points of failure and as protocols begin to develop into products that resemble legacy services — albeit in a structurally decentralized fashion — they naturally require good management.

The ability for token holders to delegate their votes, or to stand as a delegate themselves, is key to the success of on-chain governance systems, allowing for high quality community members to build meaningful influence and otherwise-marginalized token holders to engage in a representative fashion. We believe that **the most successful protocols will be the ones that are able to attract the best talent and the most engaged communities.**

Yet as an emerging primitive, delegation-based governance systems are still gaining some important infrastructure. Sybil's purpose is to provide a simple way for governance token holders to identify their community representatives, and in doing so grow engagement in the protocol's development process.

## How it works

![sybil](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/NGuCmwtY8b1g4lJPXvQC0/4faf849c664b1004510f69c6045461d8/sybil.gif)

The Sybil verification flow is a three step process.

1. Users sign into Twitter and connect a Web3 wallet
2. Users sign a message that includes their Twitter handle using their private key
3. Users then tweet this message from their Twitter account

In the background, Sybil verifies that the tweet content matches the signed message. Once a user has been verified, their Twitter handle is matched to their Ethereum address and will appear on the Sybil interface next to their associated vote count. Sybil users can proceed to **review available delegates, as well as delegate or vote on governance proposals directly through the interface.**

## Extending Sybil

At launch, Sybil supports both Uniswap and Compound's delegate lists but it's mapping tool can be used to display public identities for any project.

Identities work cross-platform, so users will only ever need to go through Sybil verification once per identity. For now, Sybil is solely integrated with Twitter, although the architecture allows for any other service to act as an authentication method: GitHub integration is coming soon!

Sybil's use cases extend beyond delegation. The mapping of addresses to social identities can be leveraged for features like trading and gaming leaderboards, as well as Ethereum-based messaging.

Similarly, the Sybil verification process is not constrained to the Sybil.org interface. The documentation below provides detailed steps for both supporting the Sybil verification process directly from your existing interface and running custom verification flows around list creation.

## Get involed

- [Verify yourself as a delegate on Sybil.org](https://sybil.org/)

- [Use the Sybil list](https://github.com/Uniswap/sybil-list#use-the-sybil-list)

- [Verify your own list](https://github.com/Uniswap/sybil-list#verify-your-own-list)

- [Contribute to the Sybil interface](https://github.com/Uniswap/sybil-interface)

Sybil maps on-chain addresses to digital identities to maintain a list of delegates, all while avoiding pesky user signups, on-chain transactions, and manual record keeping.

Introducing Sybil

# TL;DR
- UNI, the Uniswap Protocol token, is live!

- UNI contract address: [0x1f9840a85d5aF5bf1D1762F925BDADdC4201F984](https://etherscan.io/token/0x1f9840a85d5aF5bf1D1762F925BDADdC4201F984)

- 60% of the UNI genesis supply is allocated to Uniswap community members, a quarter of which (15% of total supply) has already been distributed to past users

- To start, UNI is available through four liquidity mining pools: UNI holders may vote to add more pools after an initial 30-day governance grace period

# Community-led Growth

Since its inception, the Uniswap Protocol (Uniswap) has served as trustless and highly decentralized financial infrastructure.

[Inspired by Ethereum's vision](https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-history/#ethereum-values), we have long committed to the ideals of permissionless access, security, and immutability, all indespensable components for a future where anyone in the world can access financial services without fear of discrimination or counterparty risk.

Now rivaling centralized incumbents on daily volume, Uniswap's success to date — achieved without involvement of the core development team since deployment — indicates that there is considerable demand for permissionless financial services.

In less than two years, the protocol has:

- Supported over **$20bn** volume ($270k of which was socks!) traded by over **250,000** unique addresses across **8,484** unique assets

- Secured over **$1bn** liquidity deposited by over **49,000** unique liquidity providers (LPs), earning **$56m** fees in the process

- Emerged as foundational DeFi infrastructure, with integrations across **hundreds** of interfaces and applications

Having proven product-market fit for highly decentralized financial infrastructure with a platform that has thrived independently, **Uniswap is now particularly well positioned for community-led growth, development, and self-sustainability**. The introduction of UNI (ERC-20) serves this purpose, enabling shared community ownership and a vibrant, diverse, and dedicated governance system, which will actively guide the protocol towards the future.

Uniswap has always embraced the tenets of **neutrality and trust minimization**: it is crucial that governance is constrained to where it is strictly necessary. With this in mind, the Uniswap governance framework is limited to contributing to both protocol development and usage as well as development of the broader Uniswap ecosystem.

In doing so, **UNI officially enshrines Uniswap as publicly-owned and self-sustainable infrastructure while continuing to carefully protect its indestructible and autonomous qualities**.

**UNI Allocation**

1 billion UNI have been minted at genesis and will become accessible over the course of 4 years. The initial four year allocation is as follows:

- 60.00% to Uniswap community members `600,000,000 UNI`

- 21.266% to team members and future employees with 4-year vesting `212,660,000 UNI`

- 18.044% to investors with 4-year vesting `180,440,000 UNI`

- 0.69% to advisors with 4-year vesting `6,900,000 UNI`

A **perpetual inflation rate of 2% per year will start after 4 years**, ensuring continued participation and contribution to Uniswap at the expense of passive UNI holders.

![Genesis](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/4LENtaJrIj1UAGXvk3dWLN/d71840cd0a8d9f5dee40c1551a09a866/Genesis.png)

![Inflation](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/3YFBEhXuSEvAHbRioJjjHb/4c1ab062bd07c410d0a541881ecf011d/Inflation.png)
# A Retrospective

Uniswap owes its success to the thousands of community members that have joined its journey over the past two years. These early community members will naturally serve as responsible stewards of Uniswap.

15% of UNI _`150,000,000 UNI`_ can immediately be claimed by **historical liquidity providers, users, and SOCKS redeemers/holders** based on a snapshot ending September 1, 2020, at 12:00 am UTC.

_4.91664% pro-rata to all **49,192** historical LPs `49,166,400 UNI`_

**~49 million UNI** are claimable by historical liquidity providers. The formula accounts for LP liquidity on a per-second basis since the deployment of Uniswap v1, ensuring that rewards are weighted towards LPs that provided liquidity when total liquidity was low.

_10.06136% split evenly across all **251,534** historical user addresses `100,613,600 UNI`_

400 UNI are claimable by each address that has ever called the Uniswap v1 or v2 contracts. This includes **~12,000** addresses that have only ever submitted failed transactions — love you guys.

_0.022% to **220** SOCKS holders/redeemers `220,000 UNI`_

1000 UNI are claimable by each address that has either redeemed SOCKS tokens for physical socks or owned at least one SOCKS token at the snapshot date.

[View the formula source code here](https://github.com/Uniswap/retroactive-query)

# Community Treasury

![Release Schedule](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/5cJu23PJP2zl6DlPOFFWwE/a768008b141183481dddc9bd38266df8/Release_Schedule.png)

With 15% of tokens already available to be claimed by historical users and liquidity providers, the governance treasury will retain 43% [430,000,000 UNI] of UNI supply to distribute on an ongoing basis through **contributor grants, community initiatives, liquidity mining**, and other programs.

UNI will vest to the governance treasury on a continuous basis according to the following schedule. Governance will have access to vested UNI starting October 18 2020 12:00am UTC.

| **Year** | **Community Treasury** | **Distribution %** |
| -------- | ---------------------- | ------------------ |
| Year 1   | 172,000,000 UNI        | 40%                |
| Year 2   | 129,000,000 UNI        | 30%                |
| Year 3   | 86,000,000 UNI         | 20%                |
| Year 4   | 43,000,000 UNI         | 10%                |

Team, investor, and advisor UNI allocations will have tokens locked up on an identical schedule.

# Liquidity Mining

An initial liquidity mining program will go live September 18 2020 12:00am UTC. The initial program will run until November 17 2020 12:00am UTC and target the following four pools on Uniswap v2:

- ETH/USDT

- ETH/USDC

- ETH/DAI

- ETH/WBTC

5,000,000 UNI will be allocated per pool to LPs proportional to liquidity, which roughly translates to:

- 83,333 UNI per pool per day

- 13.5 UNI per pool per block (14s blocktime)

These UNI are not subject to vesting or lock up.

After 30 days, governance will reach its vesting cliff and Uniswap governance will control all UNI vested to the Uniswap treasury. At this point, governance can vote to allocate UNI towards grants, strategic partnerships, governance initiatives, additional liquidity mining pools, and other programs.

# Governance assets

A community-managed treasury opens up a world of infinite possibilities. We hope to see a variety of experimentation, including ecosystem grants and public goods funding, both of which can foster additional Uniswap ecosystem growth. Uniswap has set the standard for automated liquidity provision: it is now time to set the benchmark for responsible but radical, long-term aligned on-chain governance systems.

Uniswap governance will be live from day one, although control over the treasury will be delayed until October 17 2020 12:00am UTC. Control over the Uniswap fee switch is subject to a 180 day time lockdelay.

These grace periods provide the Uniswap community enough time to familiarize itself with the governance system, bring in **a diverse and high-quality set of protocol delegates,** and begin discussions and communications around potential governance proposals.

UNI holders are responsible for ensuring that governance decisions are made in compliance with applicable laws and regulations. To help facilitate this, the fee switch has been initialized to a contract UNI holders can use to vote on tokens for which they will collect fees. The community is encouraged to consult knowledgeable legal and regulatory professionals before implementing any specific proposal.

The Uniswap team will continue to have no involvement in v2 protocol development, auditing, and other matters. Similarly, team members will not participate directly in governance for the foreseeable future, although they may delegate votes to protocol delegates without seeking to influence their voting decisions.

In the meantime, UNI holders will have immediate ownership of:

- Uniswap governance

- UNI community treasury

- The protocol fee switch

- uniswap.eth ENS name

- Uniswap Default List (tokens.uniswap.eth)

- [SOCKS](https://twitter.com/Uniswap/status/1126506339075641344?s=20) liquidity tokens

Initial governance parameters are as follows:

- 1% of UNI total supply (delegated) to submit a governance proposal

- 4% of UNI supply required to vote &#39;yes&#39; to reach quorum

- 7 day voting period

- 2 day timelock delay on execution

# Next steps

All historical users, liquidity providers, and SOCKS redeemers can [claim their UNI now](https://app.uniswap.org/).

![claim](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/70NvjSZ2wkfxYdADfY0cIJ/1663651b217fba02098d2d89fa8b01ac/claim.gif)

Liquidity providers in the preliminary set of targeted pools can deposit their liquidity tokens. Mining will begin on September 18th 2020 12am UTC.

![deposit](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/6rx1SH2oUin18PF1isMs8b/7ce49cda632df911b39d226e4570433c/deposit.gif)

UNI tokens can be delegated and used to vote through the [governance portal](https://app.uniswap.org/#/vote).

![vote](//images.ctfassets.net/oc3ca6rftwdu/4Fb68jWnP4AmXlefD5Ir9d/3a288e294b2d604a68b31ec2c427144a/vote.gif)

Set up an account on [gov.uniswap.org](https://gov.uniswap.org) to start shaping and participating in protocol governance

# Contracts

#### UNI Token

- [0x1f9840a85d5af5bf1d1762f925bdaddc4201f984](https://etherscan.io/token/0x1f9840a85d5af5bf1d1762f925bdaddc4201f984)

- [UNI Token Icon](https://logo.uniswap.org)

#### Liquidity mining

- [USDT Mining Pool](https://etherscan.io/address/0x6c3e4cb2e96b01f4b866965a91ed4437839a121a)

- [USDC Mining Pool](https://etherscan.io/address/0x7FBa4B8Dc5E7616e59622806932DBea72537A56b)

- [DAI Mining Pool](https://etherscan.io/address/0xa1484C3aa22a66C62b77E0AE78E15258bd0cB711)

- [WBTC Mining Pool](https://etherscan.io/address/0xCA35e32e7926b96A9988f61d510E038108d8068e)

#### Governance

- [0x5e4be8Bc9637f0EAA1A755019e06A68ce081D58F](https://etherscan.io/address/0x5e4be8Bc9637f0EAA1A755019e06A68ce081D58F)

#### Timelock

- [0x1a9c8182c09f50c8318d769245bea52c32be35bc](https://etherscan.io/address/0x1a9c8182c09f50c8318d769245bea52c32be35bc)

UNI, the Uniswap Protocol token, is live!